scholarly journals Vascularization of the kidney of the ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) in comparison with other experimental animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Milos Blagojevic ◽  
Dusko Vitorovic ◽  
Ivana Adamovic ◽  
Ivana Nesic ◽  
Zlata Brkic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Right

Ground squirrel is the only representative of its genus in our country. As experimental animal is used in microbiology, parasitology, immunology and pharmacology. The aim of this study was to examine a part of ground squirrel cardiovascular system and thus help better understanding of anatomy of the body of this specific animal as well as to contribute to comparative anatomy. The studies were perfomed on six ground squirrels, both sexes, weight between 200- 300 g. In order to obtain the arterial vascularization of the kidney, contrast mass gelatin stained with painting tempera was injected into the abdominal aorta after bleeding out. After the injection, blood vessels were prepared and photographed. Corosive preparations of the vein blood vessels of the kidneys were obtained by injection of Byocril into the right azygos vein after bleeding out. After injection, the preparations were placed into 5% NaOH for 96 hours or 10% NaOH for 48 hours. After that the preparations were rinsed with hot water and photographed. A. renalis dextra arises from the lateral wall of the abdominal aorta, 3-4 mm caudal to A. mesenterica cranialis. In most cases, this vessel divides into two or three branches before entering the hilus of the right kidney. A. renalis sinistra arises from the lateral wall of the abdominal aorta, 7-9 mm caudal to the right renal artery. Often, instead of one left renal artery, there are two, rarely three. Based on the results of our study, we concluded that in ground squirrel there is one A. renalis dextra and often two, rarely three Aa. renales sinistrae. In renal venous vascularization, both right and left renal vein are involved. Before entering the kidney, both of them divide into cranial and caudal branch, undergoing renal hilus, enter the renal sinus and continues to branch out into smaller branches.

scholarly journals A. facialis in ground squirrel (Citellus itellus)

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Milos Blagojevic ◽  
Zora Nikolic ◽  
Ivana Bozickovic ◽  
Marija Zdravkovic
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Organ Systems

A ground squirrel is a hibernator, which hibernation lasts, depending on the age and sex, since the end of the summer until the spring. During this period in the body of ground squirrel, as well as in other hibernators, starts lowering of all vital functions, what has been proven by numerous physiological, biochemical and histological examinations of some organ systems of this animal. The objective of our work was to investigate a part of cardiovascular system of ground squirrel so in that way to contribute to a better knowledge of this animal body structure and accordingly to comparative anatomy in general. The investigation included 6 ground squirrels, of both gender, body weight 200-300 grams. For obtaining head and neck arterial vascularization, after exsanguination of the animal, contrast mass of gelatin coloured with tempera was injected into thoracic aorta (Aorta thoracica). After injecting, the blood vessels were prepared and photographed. For obtaining the corrosive preparations of head and neck arterial blood vessels, after exsanguination of the animal, Biocryl (a mixture of liquid biocryl - methil - methacrylate monomer and biocryl in powder - methil - methacrylate polymer) was injected into thoracic aorta (Aorta thoracica). After injecting the preparations were placed into 5% NaOH, for 96 hours or into 10% NaOH for 48 hours. After that they were rinsed in hot water and photographed. A. facialis in ground squirrel is an extension of A. maxillaris. The branches of A. facialis are: A. labialis inferior, A. bursae buccalis dorsalis, A. labialis superior, A. dorsalis nasi and A. angularis oculi. The obtained results regarding A. facialis in ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) were compared to the same ones in rats. In rats, A. facialis is the biggest branch separating from A. carotis externa. The branches of A. facialis in rats are: Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. labialis inferior, A. angularis oris, A. labialis superior, Rami musculares, A. lateralis nasi and A. angularis oculi. Based on the above mentioned results, it can be concluded that both in ground squirrel and rat A. facialis branches into A. labialis inferior, A. labialis superior and A. angularis oculi. In ground squirrel the branches of A. facialis are also A. bursae buccalis dorsalis and A. dorsalis nasi, and in rat those are Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. angularis oris, Rami musculares and A. lateralis nasi.

scholarly journals A. Hepatica in European ground squirrel (Citellus Citellus) compared to other experimental animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Milos Blagojevic ◽  
Bogomir Prokic ◽  
Dejana Cupic-Miladinovic
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Celiac Artery ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Joint Tree ◽  
Arterial Vascularization ◽  
Aorta Abdominalis ◽  
Font Color

European ground squirrel is the only representative of its genus in Serbia. It is used as experimental animal in microbioogy, parasitology, pharmacology and immunology. The objective of this work was to investigate a part of cardiovascular system of ground squirrel so in that way to contribute to a better knowledge of this animal body structure and accordingly to comparative anatomy in general. The investigation included 6 ground squirrels, of both gender, body weight 200-300 grams. For obtaining the liver arterial vascularization, after exsanguination of the animal, contrast mass of gelatin coloured with tempera was injected into abdominal aorta (Aorta abdominalis). After injecting, the blood vessels were prepared and photographed. In ground squirrel A. celiaca is odd, larger vessel that exits the abdominal aorta. It is divided into three branches: A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica. A. hepatica is divided into A. hepatica propria and A. gastroduodenalis. A. hepatica propria further gives A. cystica, Rami cardiaci and small branches for Lnn. portales. A. gastroduodenalis is divided into A. pancreaticoduodenalis and A. gastroepiploica dextra. A. celiaca in nutria and rat is an odd artery, divided into A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica. In rabbits, celiac artery (A. celiaca) is divided into A. lienalis and short trunk from which A. gastrica sinistra and A. Hepatica emerge. A. celiaca in golden hamster does not exist in the form of tripus coeliacus (A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica), but from A. celiaca it is firstly separated A. hepatica, and then short trunk from which A. gastrica sinistra and A. Lienalis emerge. In guinea-pig, from abdominal aorta a joint tree branches off into A. celiaca and A. mesenterica cranialis (Truncus celiacomesentericus). Based on the above mentioned results, it can be concluded that A. celiaca in European ground squirrel, nutria and rat branches from abdominal aorta as a separate blood vessel. In these animals A. celiaca branches are: A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/VETGL1702141E">10.2298/VETGL1702141E</a><u></b></font>

Harnessing clay nano-particles for stem-cell driven tissue regeneration, EPSRC

Impact ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Jonathan Dawson ◽  
Richard Oreffo
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Clay Nanoparticles ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
The Right

Gels made from clay could provide an environment able to stimulate stem-cells due to their ability to bind biological molecules. That molecules stick to clay has been known by scientists since the 1960s. Doctors observed that absorption into the blood stream of certain drugs was severely reduced when patients were also receiving clay-based antacid or anti-diarrhoeal treatments. This curious phenomenon was realized to be due to binding of the drugs by clay particles. This interaction is now routinely harnessed in the design of tablets to carefully control the release and action of a drug. Dr Dawson now proposes to use this property of clay to create micro-environments that could stimulate stem cells to regenerate damaged tissues such as bone, cartilage or skin. The rich electrostatic properties of nano (1 millionth of a millimetre) -scale clay particles which mediate these interactions could allow two hurdles facing the development of stem-cell based regenerative therapies to be overcome simultaneously. The first challenge - to deliver and hold stem cells at the right location in the body - is met by the ability of clays to self-organise into gels via the electrostatic interactions of the particles with each other. Cells mixed with a low concentration (less than 4%) of clay particles can be injected into the body and held in the right place by the gel, eliminating, in many situations, the need for surgery. Clay particles can also interact with large structural molecules (polymers) which are frequently used in the development of materials (or 'scaffolds'), designed to host stem cells. These interactions can greatly improve the strength of such structures and could be applied to preserve their stability at the site of injury until regeneration is complete. While several gels and scaffold materials have been designed to deliver and hold stem cells at the site of regeneration, the ability of clay nanoparticles to overcome a second critical hurdle facing stem-cell therapy is what makes them especially exciting. Essential to directing the activity of stem-cells is the carefully controlled provision of key biological signalling molecules. However, the open structures of conventional scaffolds or gels, while essential for the diffusion of nutrients to the cells, means their ability to hold the signalling molecules in the same location as the cells is limited. The ability of clay nano-particles to bind biological molecules presents a unique opportunity to create local environments at a site of injury or disease that can stimulate and control stem-cell driven repair. Dr Dawson's early studies investigated the ability of clay gels to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels by incorporating a key molecular signal that stimulates this process, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In a manner reminiscent of the observations made in the 60s, Dr Dawson and colleagues observed that adding a drop of clay gel to a solution containing VEGF caused, after a few hours, the disappearance of VEGF from the solution as it became bound to the gel. When placed in an experimental injury model, the gel-bound VEGF stimulated a cluster of new blood vessels to form. These exciting results indicate the potential of clay nanoparticles to create tailor-made micro-environments to foster stem cell regeneration. Dr Dawson is developing this approach as a means of first exploring the biological signals necessary to successfully control stem cell behaviour for regeneration and then, using the same approach, to provide stem cells with these signals to stimulate regeneration in the body. The project will seek to test this approach to regenerate bone lost to cancer or hip replacement failure. If successful the same technology may be applied to harness stem cells for the treatment of a whole host of different scenarios, from burn victims to those suffering with diabetes or Parkinson's.

THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF LEECHES IN CHILDREN AS DESCRIBED IN 1825

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-83
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Use ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Brown Colour ◽  
Excellent Description ◽  
Yellow Line ◽  
The Right

Leeches were used in the treatment of many pediatric conditions until relatively recently. Many physicians prescribed leeches, especially in the treatment of the purported symptoms caused by teething. William Moss,1 for example, advised applying two or three leeches at one time on the foot or heel of teething infants where "bleeding is a remedy much to be depended on when the symptoms of heat, fever, drowsiness, and startings are urgent." The following is an excellent description of the indications for leeching in children, as given by Dr. James Kennedy in 1825: Leeching, so as to abstract blood from a particular part sustaining inflammation, fulness, or pain, is very useful in many diseases especially those of children. . . . When the leech is of the right or medicinal kind, its body has a blackish brown colour, marked on the back with six yellow spots, and edged with a yellow line on each side:—these spots, however, as well as the lines, grow faint and almost disappear at certain seasons. . . . The mouth forms, as it were, the body of a pump and its tongue the sucker; and, by the working of this . . . mechanism, the blood is made to rise up into the conduit which conveys it to the animal's stomach. . . . Leeches may be employed in every case where topical bleedings are required, or where venesection cannot be performed. Before applying them, all the parts should be carefully washed;—first, with hot water and soap, for the purpose of removing, as much as possible, the particles of the cutaneous excretion which the leech instinctively dislikes, especially if impregnated in any degree with the odour of medicine;—and secondly, with milk and water as warm as can be endured, with the object of stimulating the superficial vessels and filling them with red blood.

scholarly journals Total occlusion of the abdominal aorta in a patient with renal failure and refractory hypertension: a case report

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Perrino ◽  
Laura Scudiero ◽  
Maria Piera Petretta ◽  
Gabriele Giacomo Schiattarella ◽  
Mario De Laurentis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Refractory Hypertension ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
The Right

Total occlusion of the abdominal aorta is unusual, and potentially catastrophic. It occurs in patients with advanced atherosclerotic occlusive disease, and can cause severe ischemic manifestations, depending on the site of obstruction. Prompt and appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are important whenever this condition is suspected, in order to avoid a fatal outcome. The development of a complex network of collaterals may prevent the manifestation of acute ischemic phenomena, and cause a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Here we report the clinical case of a 59-year-old man who was referred to our Department for evaluation of renal failure and refractory hypertension. Ultrasonography and 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy showed a shrunken, non-functioning left kidney, while CT angiography and aortography showed the complete occlusion of the aorta from below the right renal artery down to the bifurcation of both common iliac arteries, with a critical stenosis of the origin of the right renal artery, an occlusion of the left renal artery as well as of the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. The patient was referred to the surgery department for aorto-bifemoral bypass surgery and re-implantation of the right renal artery.

scholarly journals The intracranial vascular system of sphenodon

1909 ◽  
Vol 81 (548) ◽  
pp. 290-291 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cephalic Vein ◽  
Special Method ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

This memoir contains a detailed description, with illustrations, of the intracranial blood-vessels of the Tuatara, of which no account has hitherto been published. The description is belived to be more complete than any hithero given for any reptile, and a considerable number of vessels are described which have not hithero been noted in Lacertilia. This comparative completeness of detail is largely due to the employment of a special method of investigation. By this method the entire contents of the cranial cavity are fixed and hardened in situ , and are then in excellent condition either for dissection or for histological purposes. The brain does not occupy nearly the whole of the cranial cavity, there being a very large subdural space (especially above the brain), across which many of the blood-vessels run, together with delicate strands of connective tissue which connect the dura mater with pia. The eyeballs are removed and an incision is made on each side in the cartilaginous wall which separates the cranial cavity from the orbit. Acetic bichromate of potash (made up according to the formula given by Bolles Lee) is injected in to the cranial cavity through these incision, and the entire animal, after opening the body cavity, is suspended in a large volume of the same fluid for about five days, and then graded up to 70 per cent. Alcohol. When the cranial cavity is now opened up the cerebral vessels are seen with extraordinary distinctness, although they have not been artifically injected. Futher details were made out by means of serial sections, both transverse and longitudinal, and both of the adult and of advanced embroyes (Stage S). In most respect the arrangement of the intracranical blood-vessels agrees with found in the Lacertilia, so far as these have been investigated, but there is an important difference in the fact that the posterior cephalic vein leaves the cranial cavity through the foramen jugulare and not through the foramen magnum, while a slightly more primitive condition is shown in the less complete union of the right and left halves of the basilar artery. Sphenodon makes some approach to the condition of the Chelonia in this latter respect, but differs conspicuously from this group in the fact that the circle of Willis is not completed anteriorly, as well as in the fact that no branch of the posterior cephalic vein leaves the cranial cavity through the foreman magnum. A very characteristic features of Sphenodon is the development of large transverse sinues resembling those of the crocodile, but these communicate with the extracranial vascular system in quite a different manner from that described by Rathke in the latter animal.

scholarly journals Aneurysm of the Abdominal Aorta Involving the Right Renal Artery

1955 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 992-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Henry Ellis ◽  
Rudolph A. Helden ◽  
Edgar A. Hikes
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
The Right

Temperature dependence of in vitro androgen production in testes from hibernating ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 3020-3023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Barnes ◽  
Paul Licht ◽  
Irving Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Temperature Compensation ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Spermophilus Lateralis ◽  
Dose Dependent

The effect of temperature on the in vitro androgen secretion of testes from hibernating ground squirrels was measured in response to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH). We wished to determine whether hibernating ground squirrels can maintain responsiveness of gonads while at the low body temperatures of torpor. In gonads incubated at 32 °C, secretion of testosterone increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to ovine-LH or ground squirrel pituitary homogenate. This responsiveness was reduced at 20 and 9 °C and absent at 5 °C, the temperature that most closely approximates the body temperature of torpid ground squirrels. This temperature sensitivity was similar to that in the nonhibernating laboratory mouse. Superfusion of ground squirrel testes revealed a lag of testosterone secretion in response to LH and, additionally, an ability of testes to secrete testosterone after being only briefly exposed to ovine-LH while at 5 °C. These results provide evidence against a hypothesis of temperature compensation that would allow continued testis function during torpor, and support a previous study which indicated that gonadal growth is restricted to intervals of normothermy during and after the hibernation season.

Memoirs: Notes on the Development of Paludina Vivipara, with Special Reference to the Urinogenital Organs and Theories of Gasteropod Torsion

1902 ◽  
Vol s2-46 (181) ◽  
pp. 97-141
Author(s):  
ISABELLA M. DRUMMOND
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
The Right

To sum up, then, theories of Gasteropod torsion may be divided into two classes: a. Those which view the present position of the palleal complex as due to a forward movement along the right side of the body, which resulted from greater growth of the left side of the body than of the right. h. Those which view the present position of the palleal complex as due to a ventral flexion followed by a vertical rotation of the whole visceral hump upon the head. The evidence for the second of these views seems greater than that for the first, in that-- 1. A vertical displacement through 180° of all the organs contained in the visceral hump takes place in the course of ontogeny. 2. There is some evidence, both from comparative anatomy and embryology, for believing that the oesophagus has undergone an actual twist. 3. Monstrosities which retain the palleal complex in a ventral position show a tendency to form an exogastric coil. The innervation of the mantle was shown to be equally difficult to explain on either hypothesis. Also, against the first view was urged the insufficiency of the evidence upon which Bütschli bases his conclusions with regard to zones of unequal growth. With regard to the phylogenetic cause of the vertical twist, embryology can only give negative evidence; while in considering the ontogenetic cause we are thrown back upon unsolved problems of heredity, and must confess our ignorance. In conclusion, I wish to offer most hearty thanks to Professor Weldon, not only for having placed freely at my disposal all the resources of the laboratory, but also for most kind personal aid at all stages of the work. My thanks are also due to Mr. Richard Evans for much help in the technique.

scholarly journals Unique Nutcracker Phenomenon Involving the Right Renal Artery and Portal Venous System

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Maximilian Stephens ◽  
Sarah Kate Ryan ◽  
Roger Livsey
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Left Renal Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Compression ◽  
Portal Venous Phase ◽  
Nutcracker Phenomenon ◽  
Multiplanar Reconstructions ◽  
The Right

The nutcracker phenomenon is usually caused by compression of the left renal vein by the superior mesenteric artery anteriorly and the aorta posteriorly, although variations of this anatomy have previously been reported. We observed a nutcracker phenomenon in a 42-year-old female who underwent portal venous phase computed tomography of the body for oncologic workup. She had no documented proteinuria or hematuria. Multiplanar reconstructions demonstrated an enhancing left renal vein draining into the left ovarian vein without draining into the inferior vena cava due to external compression immediately before the renocaval junction. The left renal vein was compressed between the right renal artery and the portal vein. This type of nutcracker has not been previously reported in the literature and represents a new variation.

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