Memoirs: Notes on the Development of Paludina Vivipara, with Special Reference to the Urinogenital Organs and Theories of Gasteropod Torsion

1902 ◽  
Vol s2-46 (181) ◽  
pp. 97-141
Author(s):  
ISABELLA M. DRUMMOND
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
The Right

To sum up, then, theories of Gasteropod torsion may be divided into two classes: a. Those which view the present position of the palleal complex as due to a forward movement along the right side of the body, which resulted from greater growth of the left side of the body than of the right. h. Those which view the present position of the palleal complex as due to a ventral flexion followed by a vertical rotation of the whole visceral hump upon the head. The evidence for the second of these views seems greater than that for the first, in that-- 1. A vertical displacement through 180° of all the organs contained in the visceral hump takes place in the course of ontogeny. 2. There is some evidence, both from comparative anatomy and embryology, for believing that the oesophagus has undergone an actual twist. 3. Monstrosities which retain the palleal complex in a ventral position show a tendency to form an exogastric coil. The innervation of the mantle was shown to be equally difficult to explain on either hypothesis. Also, against the first view was urged the insufficiency of the evidence upon which Bütschli bases his conclusions with regard to zones of unequal growth. With regard to the phylogenetic cause of the vertical twist, embryology can only give negative evidence; while in considering the ontogenetic cause we are thrown back upon unsolved problems of heredity, and must confess our ignorance. In conclusion, I wish to offer most hearty thanks to Professor Weldon, not only for having placed freely at my disposal all the resources of the laboratory, but also for most kind personal aid at all stages of the work. My thanks are also due to Mr. Richard Evans for much help in the technique.

scholarly journals Vascularization of the kidney of the ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) in comparison with other experimental animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Milos Blagojevic ◽  
Dusko Vitorovic ◽  
Ivana Adamovic ◽  
Ivana Nesic ◽  
Zlata Brkic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Right

Ground squirrel is the only representative of its genus in our country. As experimental animal is used in microbiology, parasitology, immunology and pharmacology. The aim of this study was to examine a part of ground squirrel cardiovascular system and thus help better understanding of anatomy of the body of this specific animal as well as to contribute to comparative anatomy. The studies were perfomed on six ground squirrels, both sexes, weight between 200- 300 g. In order to obtain the arterial vascularization of the kidney, contrast mass gelatin stained with painting tempera was injected into the abdominal aorta after bleeding out. After the injection, blood vessels were prepared and photographed. Corosive preparations of the vein blood vessels of the kidneys were obtained by injection of Byocril into the right azygos vein after bleeding out. After injection, the preparations were placed into 5% NaOH for 96 hours or 10% NaOH for 48 hours. After that the preparations were rinsed with hot water and photographed. A. renalis dextra arises from the lateral wall of the abdominal aorta, 3-4 mm caudal to A. mesenterica cranialis. In most cases, this vessel divides into two or three branches before entering the hilus of the right kidney. A. renalis sinistra arises from the lateral wall of the abdominal aorta, 7-9 mm caudal to the right renal artery. Often, instead of one left renal artery, there are two, rarely three. Based on the results of our study, we concluded that in ground squirrel there is one A. renalis dextra and often two, rarely three Aa. renales sinistrae. In renal venous vascularization, both right and left renal vein are involved. Before entering the kidney, both of them divide into cranial and caudal branch, undergoing renal hilus, enter the renal sinus and continues to branch out into smaller branches.

Memoirs: The Development of the Sabellid Branchiomma vesiculosum

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (312) ◽  
pp. 543-603
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS P. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Large Head ◽  
Dorsal Branch ◽  
The Right ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Young Worm ◽  
Early Larvae

1. Larvae of Branchiomma vesiculosum Montagu were obtained from artificial fertilizations, and reared through metamorphosis and for some weeks afterwards. 2. The larvae are extremely yolky and do not feed until after metamorphosis. They swim by means of a broad prototroch, and are provided with a pair of cup-shaped eye-spots, a large head vesicle, and two anal vesicles. There is a broad neurotroch but no telotroch. The mouth is open but the anus is closed. In the last swimming stages rudiments of the adult branchial apparatus appear as a pair of lobed swellings, behind the eyes but in front of the prototroch. Behind the latter the collar rudiments appear. There are usually three or four chaetigerous segments marked out when metamorphosis sets in. 3. The metamorphosing larva settles on the bottom, and secretes for itself a tube of mucus. The prototroch and larval tissues (episphere) of the head clump together to form a large snout-like structure. This gradually breaks up into small pieces which are thrown off one by one as they are formed. With the loss of the prototroch and other larval head tissues the adult part of the head becomes joined on to the trunk. At the same time the branchial rudiments branch to form pinnules, which are directed forwards so that their bases overlap the eyes. The anus opens, and the young worm begins to feed. Metamorphosis occupies about four days. 4. The larval stages and the metamorphosis have been studied in histological, and to a limited extent in cytological, detail. Apart from the curious metamorphosis, which to some extent recalls that of Owenia and Polygordius, the development shows no striking features. 5. After metamorphosis the worm elongates by the addition of setigers in front of the pygidium. These are at first of the thoracic type (dorsal bristles, ventral uncini), but when the ninth and succeeding setigers appear they show abdominal constitution (dorsal uncini, ventral bristles) from the first. Thus no setigers change over from abdominal to thoracic constitution as they do in the development of young Serpulid worms. 6. Coincident with the loss of the neurotroch at metamorphosis the mid-dorsal line of the head and trunk of the young worm becomes ciliated to form the faecal groove of the adult. This strip of cilia continues on the ventral surfaces of the ninth and succeeding setigers, after passing round the right side between the eighth and ninth bristle segments. For a time the intersegmental groove between these segments is ciliated on the left side as well. 7. The branchial rudiments, which began to branch before metamorphosis, continue steadily to branch and grow afterwards. The pinnules are supported by an internal skeleton of thick-walled cells to the base of which the main dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles of the body become attached. The most dorsal branch of each branchial rudiment, lying close to the mid-dorsal line, forms one of the so-called palps of the adult and is not supported by an internal skeleton. 8. The manner in which the young worms build their first sandy tube is described. 9. Early larvae of Sabella pavonina (Savigny) are described. They closely resemble those of Branchiomma. 10. The present position of embryological knowledge concerning the Polychaetes is very briefly summarized. It is shown that Sabellid larvae are more closely related to Serpulids than to those of any other family.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

ANALISIS YURIDIS NORMATIF PUTUSAN PERKARA MAHKAMAH AGUNG KONSTITUSI RI No. 004/PUU-II/2004

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Doni Budiono
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Rules ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tax Court

The  authority  of justice in Indonesia  is executed by  the Supreme Courts and  the  justice  boards/body under the Supreme Courts, including  the general  justice, religious affairs justice, military justice,  state administration  justice,  and  the Constitution Court. According to  certainty in  the Act of  Tax Court, Article1, clause  (5),  tax  dispute   refers to the legal dispute arising in the  taxation  affairs between the  tax payer or the  body  responsible for the  tax with   the government   executives  ( Directorate General of Tax) as the consequence of   the issue of  the decree for the  appeal  to the Tax  Court in accordance with the  tax Act, including the  charge  against the  execution of collection   in accordance with the  Act of Tax Collection by force. The  formation of Tax Court is  designed by  the Executives, in this case, the  Department of Finance, specifically  the Directorate   General  of Tax  which has the right to issue  law  more technical about  tax accord to Article 14,  letter A,  President Decree  no. 44  year 1974,  concerning the  basic  organization of the Department.  Based on  it,  it  is clear that  in addition to execute the government  rules and policy,  this body  has to execute judicial   rules and policy. This is against the  principles of  Judicative  Power/Authority in Indonesia,  which   clearly states that this body  should be under the Supreme Court.   Therefore. It is suggested that   the Act  No UU no.14 Year 2012 concerning  Tax Court   be revised  in accordance with the system of  Power Division  of Justice  as  stated in 45 Constitutions.

Ayurveda dietary guidelines during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481
Author(s):  
Ishwari Gaikwad ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Regimen ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The current world situation is both frightening and alarming due to the massive disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The next few days are censorious as we need to be very precautious in our daily regimen as well as dietary habits. Ayurveda offers knowledge about food based on certain reasoning. Indecent food custom is the chief cause for the rising development of health disorders in the current era. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the concept of diet explained well, ranging from their natural sources, properties and specific utility in pathological as well as physiological manner. In this work, the review of the relevant literature of Ahara (Diet) was carried out from Charak Samhita and other texts, newspapers, articles, web page related to the same.  Every human being is unique with respect to his Prakriti (Physical and mental temperament), Agni (Digestive capacity), Koshtha  (Nature of bowel) etc. For that reason, the specificity of the individual should be kept in mind. Ahara, when consumed in the appropriate amount at the right moment following all Niyamas (Guidelines) given in Ayurveda texts, gives immunity and keeps the body in a healthy state during pandemics such as Covid-19. Ultimately, this will help the human body to maintain its strength for life. This article reviews the concept of diet viz. combination of foods, their quantity and quality, methods of preparation and processing, which are to be followed during pandemics and are essential in maintenance and endorsement of health and preclusion of diseases.

Immunity boosting diet during Covid 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 832-838
Author(s):  
Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Devyani Dasar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
The Right ◽  
Daily Physical Activities ◽  
Physiological Reactions

WHO declared Covid 19 /SARS -COV-2 as a global pandemic.Till date, there is no medicine for COVID-19. If the Infection arises in the body then the defence mechanism activated against infection. A recent study suggests that temporarily augmenting the body's immune system in the early stages of COVID-19 can help patient to avoid severe symptoms as it is rightly said prevention is better than cure. Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity.As per many researches to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C,Vitamin D and immunity boosting foodsuch as citrus natural products, custard apple, apple, papaya is among the Fruits. Vegetables include broccoli, onion, garlic and green leafy vegetables. Nuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, egg yolk, shellfish, mushroom. The need of the hour is a quick boost to immune system to keep it fit, fighting. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost immune system.In this review, there are few common supplements and super food studies have been included. It might be a torch bearer as sample menu and their alternatives are given for a normal adult. Needy may change contemplated according to age, sex, body mass index and daily physical activities.

Harnessing clay nano-particles for stem-cell driven tissue regeneration, EPSRC

Impact ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Jonathan Dawson ◽  
Richard Oreffo
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Clay Nanoparticles ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
The Right

Gels made from clay could provide an environment able to stimulate stem-cells due to their ability to bind biological molecules. That molecules stick to clay has been known by scientists since the 1960s. Doctors observed that absorption into the blood stream of certain drugs was severely reduced when patients were also receiving clay-based antacid or anti-diarrhoeal treatments. This curious phenomenon was realized to be due to binding of the drugs by clay particles. This interaction is now routinely harnessed in the design of tablets to carefully control the release and action of a drug. Dr Dawson now proposes to use this property of clay to create micro-environments that could stimulate stem cells to regenerate damaged tissues such as bone, cartilage or skin. The rich electrostatic properties of nano (1 millionth of a millimetre) -scale clay particles which mediate these interactions could allow two hurdles facing the development of stem-cell based regenerative therapies to be overcome simultaneously. The first challenge - to deliver and hold stem cells at the right location in the body - is met by the ability of clays to self-organise into gels via the electrostatic interactions of the particles with each other. Cells mixed with a low concentration (less than 4%) of clay particles can be injected into the body and held in the right place by the gel, eliminating, in many situations, the need for surgery. Clay particles can also interact with large structural molecules (polymers) which are frequently used in the development of materials (or 'scaffolds'), designed to host stem cells. These interactions can greatly improve the strength of such structures and could be applied to preserve their stability at the site of injury until regeneration is complete. While several gels and scaffold materials have been designed to deliver and hold stem cells at the site of regeneration, the ability of clay nanoparticles to overcome a second critical hurdle facing stem-cell therapy is what makes them especially exciting. Essential to directing the activity of stem-cells is the carefully controlled provision of key biological signalling molecules. However, the open structures of conventional scaffolds or gels, while essential for the diffusion of nutrients to the cells, means their ability to hold the signalling molecules in the same location as the cells is limited. The ability of clay nano-particles to bind biological molecules presents a unique opportunity to create local environments at a site of injury or disease that can stimulate and control stem-cell driven repair. Dr Dawson's early studies investigated the ability of clay gels to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels by incorporating a key molecular signal that stimulates this process, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In a manner reminiscent of the observations made in the 60s, Dr Dawson and colleagues observed that adding a drop of clay gel to a solution containing VEGF caused, after a few hours, the disappearance of VEGF from the solution as it became bound to the gel. When placed in an experimental injury model, the gel-bound VEGF stimulated a cluster of new blood vessels to form. These exciting results indicate the potential of clay nanoparticles to create tailor-made micro-environments to foster stem cell regeneration. Dr Dawson is developing this approach as a means of first exploring the biological signals necessary to successfully control stem cell behaviour for regeneration and then, using the same approach, to provide stem cells with these signals to stimulate regeneration in the body. The project will seek to test this approach to regenerate bone lost to cancer or hip replacement failure. If successful the same technology may be applied to harness stem cells for the treatment of a whole host of different scenarios, from burn victims to those suffering with diabetes or Parkinson's.

KASHMIR’S THREATENED HERITAGE: STUDY OF BIJBEHARA TOWN

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
JAHANGIR AHMAD MALIK ◽  
R. A. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
Tourism Attractions

Kashmir in general and district Anantnag in particular espies a sui-generic pulpit in whole India. Because of the axiomatic truth the region (Anantnag) has been a source of attraction for expeditionists, writers, bards, saints and scholars. Valley of Kashmir instead of its natural treasure is vastly embedded with the scintillated and sheering aforementioned heritage monumental sites that succor to cater the tourists from all nooks and corners of the globe. Heritage destinations are espying master attention to one of the growing niche market segments in the travel industry today. Over the years the popularity of heritage tourism has grown with travelers and with those developing new tourism attractions. Consequently, the present research paper has been devoted to highlight the quintessence and uniqueness of monumental heritage of the study area – Bijbehara (Anantnag). This research paper is mainly based on the secondary data to draw attention towards this potential tourist area. The heritage presentation must acquire a major thematic emphasis in the present position and future prospects of tourism in Bijbehara-(Anantnag) as well as whole state of Jammu and Kashmir. Henceforth, the suggestions provided are programme and strategic oriented with special reference to the study area Jammu and Kashmir.

scholarly journals Governing Nonconformity: Gender Presentation, Public Space, and the City in New Order Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Gender Nonconformity ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Order ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
Gender Presentation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

The regulation of public space is generative of new approaches to gender nonconformity. In 1968 in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, a group of people who identified as wadam—a new term made by combining parts of Indonesian words denoting “femininity” and “masculinity”—made a claim to the city's governor that they had the right to appear in public space. This article illustrates the paradoxical achievement of obtaining recognition on terms constituted through public nuisance regulations governing access to and movement through space. The origins and diffuse effects of recognition achieved by those who identified as wadam and, a decade later, waria facilitated the partial recognition of a status that was legal but nonconforming. This possibility emerged out of city-level innovations and historical conceptualizations of the body in Indonesia. Attending to the way that gender nonconformity was folded into existing methods of codifying space at the scale of the city reflects a broader anxiety over who can enter public space and on what basis. Considering a concern for struggles to contend with nonconformity on spatial grounds at the level of the city encourages an alternative perspective on the emergence of gender and sexual morality as a definitive feature of national belonging in Indonesia and elsewhere.

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