scholarly journals Premortal data in the process of skeletal remains identification

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-480
Author(s):  
Nadica Marinkovic ◽  
Marija Djuric

Background/Aim. The basic task of a forensic examiner during the exhumation of mass graves or in mass accidents is to establish identity of a person. The results obtained through these procedures depend on the level of perceptibility of post mortal changes and they are compared with premortal data obtained from family members of those missing or killed. Experience with exhumations has shown significant differences between the results obtained through exhumation and the premortal data. The aim of the study was to suggest the existance of the difference between premortal data and the results obtained by exhumation regarding the some parameters, as well as to direct premortal data colection to the specific skeletal forms. Methods. We performed comparative analysis of the results of exhumation of skeletal remains in a mass grave and the premortal data concerning the identified persons. The least number of individuals in this mass grave was calculated according to the upper parts of the right femur and it helped in calculating the smallest number of individuals in mass graves to be 48. A total of 27 persons were identified. Sex was determined by metrics and morphology of the pelvis. Personal age in the moment of death was determined by morphology features of groin symphisis and morphology of sternal edge of ribs and other parts of scelets observations. The hight was calculated as average results of length of long bones and Rollet coefficients. Results. There was a complete match in terms of sex and age matched within an interval that could be established based on the skeletal remains. All the other parameters were different, however, which made identification significantly more difficult. Conclusion. The premortal data is an important element of identification process and it should be obtained by the forensic doctor and directed towards more detailed examination of the skeletal system.

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Marina Casini

Il contributo esamina la sentenza della Corte Suprema di Cassazione n. 14979 del 2013 che ha per tema l’obiezione di coscienza all’aborto. Nella fattispecie, un medico ginecologo viene pesantemente condannato per aver fatto valere il suo diritto di sollevare obiezione di coscienza (previsto dalla legge 194/1978) per attività che secondo i giudici non sono coperte dall’obiezione di coscienza. Nella prima parte dell’articolo, gli Autori muovono osservazioni critiche riguardo alla particolare severità della sentenza e riportano la ricostruzione dei fatti così come emerge dalle indagini giudiziarie. Di seguito concentrano l’attenzione sul significato e l’estensione del concetto di intervento medico- chirugico in generale e abortivo in particolare, osservando che nella misura in cui un’attività, sebbene non rientrante nel “nucleo” dell’intervento, è programmata dall’inizio come fase conclusiva (tanto che se non vi fosse la certezza di effettuarla, non potrebbe neanche iniziarsi l’intervento) tale attività è parte integrante dell’intervento stesso e dunque, trattandosi di aborto, coperta da obiezione di coscienza. Rilevante ai fini di questa valutazione è l’evidente nesso di causalità che tiene in un tutto unitario i vari momenti che si susseguono cronologicamente. La questione squisitamente giuridica della revoca immediata dell’obiezione viene risolta alla luce della differenza tra l’eventuale accettazione preventiva e l’esecuzione dell’ordine imprevisto. L’aspetto comunque più significativo è legato all’interrogativo che fa da cornice a tutto il contributo: perché tanta avversione contro l’obiezione di coscienza sanitaria con riferimento all’aborto? La risposta si trova nella negazione esplicita o implicita, ma anche nella semplice dimenticanza, che il figlio è figlio sin dal momento del concepimento. “Il diritto di aborto – si legge nella sentenza della Cassazione – è stato riconosciuto come ricompreso nella sfera di autodeterminazione della donna”. Questo pensiero, sottolineano gli Autori, è espressione di una deriva che, avviatasi con la sentenza costituzionale del 1975, avanzata con la legge 194/1978 e gravemente consolidatasi con la pretesa del “diritto” di aborto, nasce dal rifiuto di porre lo sguardo sul figlio concepito e, di conseguenza, avversa l’obiezione di coscienza. Per questo c’è ancor più bisogno di ripetere, concludono gi Autori, che il fondamento e la tutela dell’obiezione di coscienza dipendono dal riconoscimento che il concepito è uno di noi. Interessanti anche gli spunti giuridici di livello internazionale. ---------- The article examines the judgement of the Supreme Court of Cassation n. 14979 of 2013 about conscientious objection to abortion. In this case, a gynecologist was heavily condemned for having asserted his right to raise conscientious objection (provided by Law 194/1978) for activities that according to the judges are not covered by the conscientious objection. In the first part of the article, the Authors criticize the particular severity of the sentence and report the reconstruction of the events emerging from the judicial investigations. Afterward they focus attention on the meaning and the extension of the concept of surgical intervention to understand what the boundaries are of an abortion. Whether a final activity is planned from the outset (so that if it were not sure to perform it, the intervention should not be started) this activity is an integral part of the intervention itself and, therefore, in the case of abortion, covered by conscientious objection. For the purposes of this evaluation, the Authors write, it is very important the clear causal link that takes into a unified whole the various moments that follow one other chronologically. The purely legal question of immediate withdrawal of the objection is resolved in the light of the difference between the possible preventive acceptance of the execution and the execution of an unexpected order. The most significant aspect, however, is tied to the question that frames the entire contribution: why so much aversion against conscientious objection with regard to abortion? The answer lies in the express or implied negation – but also in the simple forgetfulness – that the child is a child from the moment of conception. “The right to abortion – it is written in the Supreme Court’s ruling – has been recognized as coming within the sphere of women’s self-determination” This thought, the Authors point out, is an expression of a drift originally triggered by the constitutional ruling of 1975, then advanced with the Law 194/1978 and finally severely consolidated with the claim of “right” to abortion. Since this drift arises from the refusal to look at the child conceived, consequently it adverse conscientious objection. For this there is even more need to repeat, the Authors conclude, that the foundation and the protection of conscientious objection depends on the recognition that the unborn is one of us. The legal references on the international level are also interesting.


Author(s):  
M. Yu. Cherbunina ◽  
D. G. Shmelev ◽  
A. V. Brouchkov ◽  
V. S. Kazantsev ◽  
R. N. Argunov

The article presents the results of long-term field studies of methane in the upper part of permafrost for the different geomorphological levels of Central Yakutia. Patterns of spatial distribution of methane content across different landscapes were found. The highest concentrations of methane are found in alas deposits, the major role of methane in the conservation there goes to the moment of freezing the thermokarst lake draining. The difference in methane content in the sediments of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex on the left and the right bank of the river Lena was identified. That is likely caused by the conditions of ice complex formation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-324
Author(s):  
Yasin Amin

Background and objective: Human identification and anthropological evaluation of mass graves are the key step towards scientific documentation and achieving justice. This study aimed to investigate the exhumation, anthropological evaluation, and individual victim identification of a mass grave in Busaya in Samawa governorate. Methods: The investigation included excavation of the graves and identification of the victims. The field study was started after taking testimonies and witnesses for locating the site of graves. The sites were determined, which were excavated according to the scientific standard procedures. Gender determination and age and stature estimation were performed on the remnant skeletons in the laboratory of the medico-legal institute in Erbil. Results: The grave included 93 bodies, 66 (71%) were males, 24 (26%) were possibly males, while the others were not identified because of degradations of the bones. The results of age estimation reported that the number of young bodies under 20 years old were five cases (5.4%), while 53 cases (57%) were young bodies between 20-29 years. The rest were more than 30 years old, except for eight cases that could not be identified. The results of stature revealed that more than half of cases had stature more than 166 cm, while only six cases were less than 155 cm. All the remained bones were recorded in detail for more documentation. Conclusion: These findings described the anthropological evaluation of a large Barzanian mass graves in Busaya desert in the south region in Iraq. The majority (or all) of the victims were males and young people. Keywords: Mass grave; Barzanian victims; Busaya; Exhumation; Identification.


2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Belma Muhamedagić ◽  
Nermin Sarajlić

Introduction: Sex determination is one of fi rst and most important steps in identifying disintegrated bodies and skeletal remains. During the exhumation of bodies from the mass graves and archaeologicalexcavations, it is quite often the case that not all bones of one person are found, therefore, teeth and the scull are the only true identifi cation material. Canines are teeth most appropriate for sex determination.The aim of the research was to determine sex identity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian population based on odontometric characteristics of permanent lower canines.Methods: The research sample included 180 patients of the Dental Offi ce, of both sexes. All patients with permanent lower right and left canines, without caries, with healthy state of gingiva and periodontium,without crown restorations were included in the research. Measurement was done directly in the patients' mouth using a digital sliding caliper. Greatest mesiodistal width of the lower right and left canine and intercuspal distance of the lower jaw were measured.Results: All parameters were higher in case of male, including Mandibular Canine Index (MCI) (p<0.01). The precision of appraising the sex identity for the Bosnian-Herzegovinian population, based on MCI on the right, amounts 68.89% and 68.54% on the left.Conclusions: The study showed that right canines are signifi cantly broader than the left ones and they are broader in case of males. Lower right canines, that is, MCI on the right, indicates greater accuracy insex determination in relation to left lower canines. The accuracy in sex determination for all variables is higher for the female.


2006 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 165-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Roksandic

The Mesolithic populations of the Danube’s Iron Gates Gorge (Serbia/Romania) spanned over 1500 years (from before 7000 BC to around 5500 BC) in one of the more favourable foraging environments of Europe. Over most of this period, the dominant economy was foraging, but farming was practiced by communities in the region from around 6500 BC. This research examines individuals from four sites on the Danube (Lepenski Vir, Vlasac, Padina, and Hajdučka Vodenica) whose traumatic lesions can be most plausibly interpreted as resulting from violent interactions. Given the number of individuals buried at these sites (MNI = 418), the episodes of violent interactions were few and without evidence of a specific temporal pattern. They probably represent sporadic episodes of interpersonal conflict that do not support the notion of endemic warfare deemed typical of the Mesolithic, or elevated levels of interpersonal/intertribal conflict at the time of contact with farming communities. The difference in the pattern of violence between the Mesolithic sites on the right bank of the Danube and a coeval site of Schela Cladovei on the left bank is explained in terms of differences in archaeological context, geographic location and possibly specific local histories.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino ◽  
Alexandre Marco da Silva ◽  
Ehsan Moradi ◽  
Enric Terol ◽  
Artemi Cerdà

The Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) was initially designed to assess soil mobilisation rates in vineyards; however, other grafted crops such as citrus orchards could also be successfully used. The results obtained from ISUM have been used for several goals, but have not yet been applied for computing the LS factor (length and slope) as a part of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which could give useful information to improve soil management system plans. This investigation was conducted in an 8-year old clementine field located in Canals (Valencia, Spain) and values of the LS factor were calculated by means of two pre-established algorithms, which allowed us to calculate a Transect Length Index (TLI). Our results demonstrated that the micro-topographical changes can show frequent irregularities. For the values of the Transect Length Index (TLI), the mean values were 1.02% for the left side and 1.04% for the right one. The difference among the areas predicted at the moment of furrow construction and the moment of data survey permitted us to estimate a total volume of 56.9 m<sup>3</sup> of soil mobilized in 19 years. Taking into account the studied area (360 m<sup>2</sup>), the volume of mobilised soil, and the bulk density for the local soil (1.3 g cm<sup>-3</sup>), we estimated a total soil mobilisation of 8.3 mm yr<sup>-1</sup> or 10.4 kg m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. We did not observe any evidence or indicator of rill and inter-rill erosion by natural rainfall events, suggesting that the runoff homogenizes the sediment distribution during heavy rains (corroborated by the TLI data) or tillage practices. The data created following the ISUM was suitable to be used to calculate the LS-factor values. The amount of soil mobilised as predicted by USLE was always lower than the ones predicted by ISUM.


2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davorka Sutlovic ◽  
Igor Boric ◽  
Tamara Zulim ◽  
Ana Vucinovic

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Fernandes Franco ◽  
Álvaro Azevedo ◽  
Vítor M. J. Matos ◽  
Daniel Mongiovi ◽  
Alexandra Teixeira

When encountering human skeletal remains in forensic contexts, one important step in the identification process is the estimation of sex, because it reduces the number of individuals to approximately one half. The pelvis and skull are considered the most efficient elements for this estimation; however, when unavailable, teeth may be used alternatively. This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of specific odontometric parameters from the mandibular first molar – mesiolingual-distobuccal distance (MLDB) and mesiobuccal-distolingual distance (MBDL)  - on sex estimation, in a sample composed from 135 mandibles selected from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (University of Coimbra). Since canines seem to be the most accurate teeth for sexual diagnosis, comparison of molars parameters and canines was performed, through measurement of their mesiodistal dimensions (MD). Statistical analysis showed sexual dimorphism in human first molars and determination of cut-off points assigned individuals to the male or female group. In the first molar, 60.7% and 65.2% of individuals were correctly classified by using MLDB and MBDL, respectively. Highest sexual diagnosis accuracy was achieved with Canine MD, reaching 74.6%. Our results indicate that although mandibular molar dimensions are useful for sex estimation, the canine should be prioritized when using the dentition to perform this task.


1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
James J. Mangraviti

Abstract The accurate measurement of hip motion is critical when one rates impairments of this joint, makes an initial diagnosis, assesses progression over time, and evaluates treatment outcome. The hip permits all motions typical of a ball-and-socket joint. The hip sacrifices some motion but gains stability and strength. Figures 52 to 54 in AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, illustrate techniques for measuring hip flexion, loss of extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Figure 53 in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, illustrates neutral, abducted, and adducted positions of the hip and proper alignment of the goniometer arms, and Figure 52 illustrates use of a goniometer to measure flexion of the right hip. In terms of impairment rating, hip extension (at least any beyond neutral) is irrelevant, and the AMA Guides contains no figures describing its measurement. Figure 54, Measuring Internal and External Hip Rotation, demonstrates proper positioning and measurement techniques for rotary movements of this joint. The difference between measured and actual hip rotation probably is minimal and is irrelevant for impairment rating. The normal internal rotation varies from 30° to 40°, and the external rotation ranges from 40° to 60°.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Nurlaila Suci Rahayu Rais ◽  
Dedeh Apriyani ◽  
Gito Gardjito

Monitoring of warehouse inventory data processing is an important thing for companies. PT Talaga mulya indah is still manual using paper media, causing problems that have an effect on existing information, namely: problems with data processing of incoming and outgoing goods. And the difference between data on the amount of stock of goods available with physical data, often occurs inputting data more than once for the same item, searching for available data, and making reports so that it impedes companies in monitoring inventory of existing stock of goods. Which aims to create a system that can provide updated information to facilitate the warehouse admin in making inventory reports, and reduce errors in input by means of integrated control. In this study, the authors used the data collection method used in this analysis using the method of observation, interviews, and literature review (literature study). For analysis using the PIECES analysis method. Furthermore, the system design used is UML (Unified Modeling Language). The results of this study are expected to produce the right data in the process of monitoring inventory data processing, also can provide the right information and make it easier to control the overall availability of goods.


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