Deer Rescue in Tuscany: Retrospective Analysis and Assessment of Radiography Diagnoses

Animal-vehicle collisions are the major cause of rescue and need for hospitalization in wildlife referral centers. Clinicians need easy-to-use tools to make rapid decisions about whether to euthanize or treat injured animals. The aim of the study was to evaluate the data (reasons for rescue, diagnosed lesions, and outcome) from a hospitalized population of wildlife ungulates and investigate the benefits of using radiography as a diagnostic tool. Data were collected from three wildlife referral centers in Tuscany (Italy). The following information was collected for each animal: reason for hospitalization, clinical examination, radiographic examination, definitive diagnosis, and outcome. A chi-squared test was used to assess the benefits of radiography in detecting different traumatic lesions. Prevalence was reported according to the reason for hospitalization, definitive diagnosis, radiographic diagnosis, and outcome. The main reason for hospitalization was traumatic lesions due to vehicle collisions and 71.1% of the animals did not survive. Radiography was more useful in patients with traumatic axial skeletal lesions and/or multiple traumas with respect to traumatic appendicular skeleton lesions. Our results show that radiography is a useful diagnostic technique for assessing wildlife emergencies and it could help the clinician in making medical decisions.

The role of ultrasonic diagnostics in kidney injury

In case of kidney damage, ultrasound is the primary, and often the main instrumental diagnostic method, which makes it possible to diagnose the main traumatic lesions: kidney contusion, hematomas of various localization, kidney rupture, and a number of vascular injuries. To clarify the prevalence of the process in high-severity injuries and damage to large vessels, it is recommended to use contrast-enhanced computed tomography, which in these cases has an advantage over the capabilities of ultrasound. Ultrasound examination is indispensable in the dynamic observation of the state of the kidney after injury

Haunting Bodies

The goal of this study is to describe and assess evidence of trauma in the osteological remains of three individuals that were fortuitously found in southernmost Fuego-Patagonia (52°–56°S). The cases correspond to individuals AH4354 (Laguna Verde), 29751 (Posesión Olympia-2), and 96074 (Caleta Lennox) located in continental Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and the Fuegian Archipelago, respectively. Age and sex estimations were conducted based on established anthroposcopic methods. Taphonomic changes and traumatic lesions were examined and characterized. Antemortem trauma was identified in the postcranium of AH4354 and the cranium of 96074. All individuals show perimortem traumatic lesions in the skull. In AH4354 the cranial lesion was likely caused by a bola. In 29751 and 96074 the cranial wounds were caused by sharp weapons (spears or sharpened sticks). In all three individuals, the perimortem cranial lesions were likely lethal given their severity and the absence of healing. But, while AH4354 was injured at a distance, individuals 29751 and 96074 were wounded at proximity. Although the lesions in 29751 and 96074 could be interpreted in various ways, their location and characteristics lead us to interpret them as resulting from intentional and performative executions that carried specific cultural meanings. All individuals were interred in the same manner as others, suggesting that they were either members of the group, or that notions of equality and social legitimacy prevailed among those who interred them. This study offers an interpretation of the role of lethal violence among hunter-gatherers in extreme environments. Este estudio describe y evalúa los traumas presentes en los esqueletos de tres individuos de la zona sur de Fuego-Patagonia (52-56⁰S). Los casos corresponden a los individuos AH4354 (Laguna Verde), 29751 (Posesión Olympia-2) y 96074 (Caleta Lennox), quienes fueron hallados en Patagonia continental, Tierra del Fuego, y los archipiélagos Fueguinos respectivamente. El sexo y la edad fueron estimados con métodos antroposcópicos estándar. Se examinaron y caracterizaron los cambios tafonómicos y las lesiones traumáticas. Se identificaron lesiones traumáticas antemortem en el postcráneo del individuo AH4354 y el cráneo del individuo 96074. Todos ellos presentan lesiones traumáticas perimortem en el cráneo. En AH4354 la lesión craneana perimortem fue posiblemente causada por una bola. En los individuos 29751 y 96074 las heridas craneanas fueron producidas por objetos afilados (e.g, lanzas). En todos ellos, las lesiones perimortem craneanas fueron posiblemente letales dada su severidad. Pero, mientras AH4354 resultó herido a distancia, los individuos 29751 y 96074 fueron lesionados por alguien que se encontraba cerca. Las lesiones de los individuos 29751 y 96074 pueden ser interpretadas de varias maneras, pero su ubicación y características sugieren que estas resultaron de ejecucionesperformativas imbuidas de significados culturales específicos. Los enterratorios de estos tres individuos se adhieren al mismo patrón que se observa en otros de la misma región. Esto sugiere que conceptos de igualdad y legitimidad social primaron en aquellos que los enterraron. Este estudio ofrece una interpretación sobre el rol de la violencia letal en cazadores-recolectores de ambientes extremos.

Regulation of Phosphorylated State of NMDA Receptor by STEP61 Phosphatase after Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury: Role of Oxidative Stress

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) mediates neuronal death through several events involving many molecular pathways, including the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity for excessive stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), producing activation of death signaling pathways. However, the contribution of NMDARs (distribution and signaling-associated to the distribution) remains incompletely understood. We propose a critical role of STEP61 (Striatal-Enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase) in TBI; this phosphatase regulates the dephosphorylated state of the GluN2B subunit through two pathways: by direct dephosphorylation of tyrosine-1472 and indirectly via dephosphorylation and inactivation of Fyn kinase. We previously demonstrated oxidative stress’s contribution to NMDAR signaling and distribution using SOD2+/− mice such a model. We performed TBI protocol using a controlled frontal impact device using C57BL/6 mice and SOD2+/− animals. After TBI, we found alterations in cognitive performance, NMDAR-dependent synaptic function (decreased synaptic form of NMDARs and decreased synaptic current NMDAR-dependent), and increased STEP61 activity. These changes are reduced partially with the STEP61-inhibitor TC-2153 treatment in mice subjected to TBI protocol. This study contributes with evidence about the role of STEP61 in the neuropathological progression after TBI and also the alteration in their activity, such as an early biomarker of synaptic damage in traumatic lesions.

Model of differential diagnosis of nervous system lesions in young children

Перинатальная патология центральной нервной системы занимает ведущие позиции в структуре детской заболеваемости, что диктует необходимость поиска оптимальных подходов к ранней диагностике гипоксически-ишемических и травматических поражений центральной нервной системы, в том числе с использованием технологий математического моделирования. Цель работы состоит в создании и апробации математической модели дифференциальной диагностики гипоксически-ишемических и травматических поражений нервной системы у детей с использованием метода кариометрии. В исследование были включены 290 доношенных детей первого года жизни: первая группа сравнения включала 120 новорожденных с гипоксически-ишемическим поражением центральной нрвной системы, вторая – 120 новорожденных с ее травматическим поражением, контрольная группа включала 50 здоровых детей. Всем детям в возрасте 1, 3, 6, 9 месяцев и 1 года оценивались физическое и нервно-психическое развитие, двигательные функции по методу Л. Т. Журбы. На первом месяце жизни проводились нейросонография головного мозга, рентгенологическое обследование головы и шейного отдела позвоночника в двух проекциях. В возрасте 1, 3 и 6 месяцев выполнялось морфологическое исследование лимфоцитов (кариометрия). Для создания математической модели дифференциальной диагностики гипоксически-ишемических и травматических поражений нервной системы были взяты 12 показателей нейросонографии и 4 показателя морфологии лимфоцитов периферической капиллярной крови (площадь и периметр ядра, площадь и периметр клетки). В построении диагностической модели использовали самообучающуюся искусственную нейронную сеть, работа которой воспроизведена при помощи созданного программного приложения. Исследование показало, что полученная нами модель проста в использовании, экономит время на постановку диагноза, обладает высокой степенью распознавания: специфичность модели – 89,2%, чувствительность 92%. Perinatal pathology of the Central nervous system (CNS) occupies a leading position in the structure of childhood morbidity, which dictates the need to find optimal approaches to the early diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic CNS lesions, including using mathematical modeling technologies. Objective: to create and test a mathematical model for differential diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic lesions of the nervous system in children using the karyometry method. The study included 290 full-term infants of the first year of life: the first comparison group included 120 newborns with hypoxic – ischemic CNS damage, the second group-120 newborns with traumatic CNS damage, the control group included 50 healthy children. All children aged 1, 3, 6, 9 months and 1 year were evaluated for physical and neuropsychic development, motor functions according to the method of L. T. Zhurba. In the first month of life, neurosonography of the brain, x-ray examination of the head and cervical spine in two projections were performed. Morphological examination of lymphocytes (karyometry) was performed at the ages of 1, 3 and 6 months. To create a mathematical model for differential diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic lesions of the nervous system, 12 indicators of neurosonography and 4 indicators of peripheral capillary blood lymphocyte morphology (area and perimeter of the nucleus, area and perimeter of the cell) were taken. A self-learning artificial neural network was used in the construction of the diagnostic model, the operation of which was reproduced using the created software application. The study showed that the model we obtained is easy to use, saves time for diagnosis, and has a high degree of recognition: the model specificity is 89,2%, and the sensitivity is 92%.

Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus May Cause the Vacuum Phenomenon in the Ankle Joint

The few reports available on the vacuum phenomenon in the ankle joint refer to osteoarthritic and traumatic lesions. We present the first case concomitant with an osteochondral lesion of the talus. This case report presents computed tomographic images of the ankle. We speculate that the osteochondral lesion of the talus was the most likely cause of the vacuum phenomenon.

Taking a crack at the dome: histopathology of a pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) frontoparietal dome

Recent studies have identified numerous pathologies in the cranial domes of pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs. These studies utilized CT images of domes to identify secondary woven bone and sclerosis associated with the pathologies. These features were critical for diagnosing post-traumatic osteomyelitis, which supported the head-butting behaviour hypothesis. However, conventional CT image resolution may not be sufficient to identify secondary woven bone or sclerotic bone in fossil specimens. UALVP 8504 (cf. Foraminacephale brevis), a dome possessing putative bone lesions, was thin-sectioned and micro-CT scanned. Thin sections revealed the lesions are lytic, without any secondary woven bone or sclerosis, falsifying the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. The morphology and histology of the lesions of UALVP 8504 are not diagnostic and resemble both post-traumatic and non-traumatic lesions. However, UALVP 8504 possesses shifted vascular canals (repositioning via remodeling, which maintains anatomical position throughout ontogeny) that are decoupled from growth (), and drifting osteons (secondary osteons where resorption occurs longitudinally and transversely). These demonstrate that the dome has sustained external mechanical loading, likely resulting from an impact or multiple impacts, consistent with the head-butting hypothesis. These impacts may have damaged overlying soft tissues and formed the lesions along the surface. Therefore, we suspect that the pathologies in UALVP 8504 are post-traumatic.

TRAUMATIC DEFEATS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA AMONG PEOPLE OF THE SENIOR AGE GROUPS: OCCURRENCE, CONSEQUENCES AND TREATMENT

Травматические повреждения слизистой оболочки полости рта (СОПР) являются главным предрасполагающим фактором развития онкостоматологической патологии у пожилых и старых людей. Целью исследования явилось изучение встречаемости травматических поражений СОПР у людей старших возрастных групп и оценка эффективности их лечения с использованием современных отечественных средств. Были обследованы 967 человек 19-82 лет (569 мужчин и 398 женщин). При лечении 83 пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста проведена оценка эффективности использования современных отечественных средств «АСЕПТАадгезивный бальзам для дёсен» и «АСЕПТАгель для десен с прополисом» в сравнении c винилином для внутреннего применения. Установлено, что люди пожилого и старческого возраста в 9,41 и 9,52% случаев соответственно страдают травматическими поражениями СОПР, причиной которых в 96,7-97,1% являются травмирующие факторы от пользования съемными зубными протезами. Несвоевременное лечение травм в 7,9% приводит к образованию протезных фибром. Сравнительная оценка эффективности лечения травматических поражений СОПР протезной этиологии показала целесообразность применения современных отечественных средств «АСЕПТАадгезивный бальзам для дёсен» в течение первых 2 дней от начала терапии, а затем «АСЕПТАгель для десен с прополисом» до полного заживления травматических повреждений в сравнении с использованием для этих же целей винилина для внутреннего применения, эффективность которого остается высокой. Своевременное выявление и лечение травматических повреждений СОПР являются важными факторами профилактики онкостоматологической патологии у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста. Traumatic damages to the oral mucosa are the main predisposing factor for the development of the oncostomatological pathology among the old people. The aim of the investigation was to study the occurrence of traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa among people of old age groups and estimate the effectiveness of their treatment using modern domestic remedies. 967 people (569 males and 398 females) from 19 to 82 years old were examined to determine the occurrence of traumatic oral mucosal pathology. Value of effectiveness while treatment of 83 elderly patients using modern domestic agents «ASEPTA adhesive balm for gums» and «ASEPTA gel for gums with propolis» was assessed in comparison with vinylin for internal use. It is found that 9,41 and 9,52% of cases are traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa respectively among elderly and senile people respectively. The cause of them in 96,7-97,1% cases are traumatic factors while using removable dental prostheses; the untimely treatment of these factors in 7,9% leads to the formation of prosthetic fibroms. A comparative evaluation of the treatment effectiveness of prosthetic-etiology-traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa showed the advisability of using modern domestic agents like «ASEPTA adhesive balm for gums» during the first 2 days from the start of therapy and then «ASEPTA gel for gums with propolis» until complete healing of traumatic injuries, compared to the using of vinylin for internal use for the same purposes, which efficiency remains high. Timely detection and treatment of the traumatic defeats of oral mucosa are an important factors of prevention of oncostomatological pathologies among elderly and senile persons.

Orthodontic management of traumatized teeth: a literature review

Traumatic dental injuries can significantly impact the appearance and the functions of the affected teeth and can induce significant damages to the surrounding structures within the oral cavity including both the soft and hard ones. This present literature review aimed to discuss the appropriate orthodontic management of dental traumatic events and to present evidence from previous studies in the literature. The search took place in the relevant databases l, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar to find the relevant articles that have previously discussed the topic to retrieve all the potentially related information that will help to formulate strong evidence. The literature review was focused on the orthodontic management considerations for patients that had dental traumas including crown and crown-root fractures, in addition to intrusion and extrusion luxation injuries. Overall, orthodontists should be able to deal with all the possible traumatic lesions as early as possible to avoid the development of any complications which might affect the prognosis of the affected teeth and the surrounding structures. Moreover, the evidence suggested that aforementioned lesions which was a period of at least three months should be recommended after applying the orthodontic treatment to early screen against any potential complications and maintain stabilization.