The effect of cellular and physiological indicators on gender determination

Gender determination, in addition to having special value to parents, has particular importance in sex-linked diseases. This study aimed to investigate the cellular indicators (i.e. BMP-6 protein and PPAR? protein expression levels in granulosa cells) and the physiological indicators on gender determination. For this purpose, on 68 infertile patients referred to the clinic, ovarian stimulation was performed by different protocols and then ruptured by different HCG. Follow-up of patients was performed after they became pregnant after five months. U/S was done for knowing the gender of the baby then after labor rechecked another time. Also, granulosa-luteal cells (GLCs) were isolated from the follicular fluid of 68 women participating in the study. BMP-6 protein and PPAR? protein were measured using Western blotting. Results showed that the total number of delivered babies was 68, 41 males (60.3%) and 27 females (39.7%). About physiological indicators results, there was no significant association between the age of the mother and sex of the baby (P=0.934). No significant association was detected between the month during which the conception occurred and the sex of the baby (P=0.734). The same result was obtained for the follicle side (P=0.236), and follicle size (P=0.659), there was no significant association between the sex of the baby with the following factors: protocol of treatment (P=0.417), IVF after HCG (P=0.237), HCG type (P=0.572), parity (P=0.282), and type of infertility (P=0.376). The cellular indicators results showed that the BMP-6 protein level in granulosa cells of mothers with daughters was almost twice as high as mothers with sons (P=0.043). But there was no significant difference between mothers with daughters and mothers with sons in PPAR? protein level (P=0.12). It can be concluded that except for BMP-6 protein level, none of the cellular and physiological indicators affects gender determination. Therefore, this cell indicator can probably be evaluated as an effective indicator in determining gender.

Orthopantomography and use of Mandibular Indices for the Evaluation of Gender Distribution in Navi Mumbai Population - A Retrospective, Single Blind Study

Introduction: The study of forensic sciences often leaves the forensic expert to draw conclusions from any and every material available in determining the identity of the deceased. The initial step in identifying a person is to determine their gender based on their adult skeleton. The human skeleton displays sexual dimorphism, of which the skull is most dimorphic providing an accurateness of 92%. However, in certain situations where the skull may not be found intact, the mandible plays a vital role. The mandible's thick covering of compact bone helps keep it from exploding during a mass tragedy. Dimorphism in the mandible is gender specific and is mainly reflected in its shape and size. The mandible is also easily radiographed and specific linear measurements of the mandibular rami as seen on an OPG are useful indices for gender determination. Aims: To examine the efficacy of mandibular rami measures such as maximum ramus breadth, maximum ramus height, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, coronoid height, mandibular body length and gonial angles on the right and left side of an OPG in determining gender. Materials and methods: 110 digital OPG’s (55 males, 55 females) of a Navi Mumbai population were obtained retrospectively from a reputed dental college and hospital. The OPG’s were taken using Xtropan 2000 OPG machine, 10x12 PSP plates, exposure parameters of 75 Kvp, 8 mas, 13 sec, and KODAK CR 7400 digitizer. Master View 3.0 software was used on the desktop computer to measure the mandibular ramus's width and thickness. Maximum ramus breadth, Maximum Ramus height and lowest ramus breadth of the mandibular rami, as well as the height of the condyle and the coronoid bone, and the length of the mandibular body and gonial angles on the right and left sides of the mouth, were all measured. Using a statistical formula, the measurements were substituted and gender was estimated. Result: We used the IBM SPSS v 21.0 statistical software for social sciences to do our statistical study. p0.05 was deemed statistically significant, with a 5% margin of error and a 20% margin of error, giving the study an 80 percent power. In the study group, 51 of the 55 men were expected to be males, while 49 of the 55 females were anticipated to be females, while 6 of the 55 females were predicted to be males. Conclusion: This research shows that the mandibular ramus is a useful tool for determining gender, and digital panoramic imaging yielded the best accurate linear measures. There was considerable sexual dimorphism in the mandibular ramus in the chosen Navi – Mumbai subpopulation, and the combination of 8 factors demonstrated an accuracy of 91.81 percent and was helpful for gender determination.

Comparative assessment of odontometric parameters for gender determination: A hospital based cross-sectional study

Determining gender is one of the most important procedure in forensics. Teeth are made of the most enduring mineralized tissues in the body, as such, they have an extraordinary resistance to putrefaction and the effects of external agents (physical, thermal, mechanical, chemical or biological) which makes them invaluable material for anthropological, genetic, odontologic and forensic examinations.i)To assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in maxillary canine using maxillary canine index, maxillary first molar and central incisor using mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual/buccopalatal (BL) dimensions of the crown. ii) To determine the accuracy of maxillary canine index, first molar and central incisor dimensions (mesiodistal and buccolingual/buccopalatal) in determining sex.This study consisted of total 30 participants (males=15, females=15) of age group ranging from 20 to 35 yrs. Measurement of dimensions of selected teeth were performed on maxillary cast using digital Vernier caliper, resolution 0.01mm. Data thus obtained were analyzed statistically.The mean values of all the measurements in males were greater than females. There was statistical significant difference in mean value of bucco-lingual width of molar, mesiodistal width of canine (on left side, right side and average) and the inter-canine distance between males and females. The buccolingual width of molar showed the highest % of sexual dimorphism (5.33%) and the mesiodistal width of molar showed the least % of dimorphism (0.7%). Bucco-lingual width of molar posed the highest prediction accuracy for gender determination. We conclude that buccolingual width of maxillary first molar can be used to predict the gender when only teeth of maxillary arch are available for forensic examination.

An Analytical Study of Laws, Determining the Gender of a Transgender Person in Pakistan

Living organisms are divided into two genders, generally, whether they are plants, animals, birds, insects, or human beings. These two genders are males and females and are often called binary genders. Among the human species, sometimes, babies are born with some disabilities in their reproductive organs and such babies have been there in human societies for a time, unknown. In ancient Arab, these people were called 'khunsas'. They were used as slaves by the royal elite of the Arabic peninsula. Deen-e-Islam has given a large number of rights to khunsas and provides them many opportunities to live with honor and grace. Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018, was the first statute passed by the Parliament of Pakistan that protects and promotes the rights of khunsa people in Pakistan, specifically. In this paper, an effort is made to analyze the principles of Islam and the Laws provided in the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018, to determine the gender disability of khunsa persons. A comparative study is also a part of this paper on the approach related to gender determination of a khunsa person, between Hanafi School, Itsna Ashari School, and the laws of Pakistan.

Radiologic Evaluation of Odontometric and Osteologic Traits for Gender Determination in Adult Ethnic Tamil Population

Background: Odontometric and osteologic trait have always served as an excellent resource in anthropological, genetic, odontologic, and forensic investigations. Traits: The aim of this study was to find the most reliable method for gender determination by correlating both the odontometric and osteologic variables. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using digital panoramic radiographs of 400 individuals (200 males and 200 females) with age ranging from 20 to 50 years. Standardized digital panoramic radiographs of patients taken as part of pretreatment planning for implants, extractions of third molars, and for periodontal diseases were selected from the archives. Measurements were done using IMAGE Pro software. Results: Mesiodistal width of 17–47 exhibited significant gender variation. Osteologic parameters such as ramus dimension and the gonial angle also showed significant gender variation and the mandibular asymmetry was significant in both the genders. Conclusion: Correlation of the two group of traits showed strong positive predictive values attributable for gender determination.