OSHA after American Petroleum Institute: A Proposed Regulatory Budget

The results of five centrifuge models were used to evaluate the response of pile-supported wharves subjected to inertial and liquefaction-induced lateral spreading loads. The centrifuge models contained pile groups that were embedded in rockfill dikes over layers of loose to dense sand and were shaken by a series of ground motions. The p-y curves were back-calculated for both dynamic and static loading from centrifuge data and were compared against commonly used American Petroleum Institute p-y relationships. It was found that liquefaction in loose sand resulted in a significant reduction in ultimate soil resistance. It was also found that incorporating p-multipliers that are proportional to the pore water pressure ratio in granular materials is adequate for estimating pile demands in pseudo-static analysis. The unique contribution of this study is that the piles in these tests were subjected to combined effects of inertial loads from the superstructure and kinematic loads from liquefaction-induced lateral spreading.

Promise and Peril: Implementing a Regulatory Budget

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2758788 ◽

1996 ◽

Author(s):

Clyde Wayne Crews Jr.

Keyword(s):

Regulatory Budget

Regulatory Review Commission + Regulatory Budget = a Diet for Better, More Effective Regulations

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3697461 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick A. McLaughlin ◽

Tyler Richards

Keyword(s):

Regulatory Review ◽

Regulatory Budget

Development of Simulation Based p-Multipliers for Laterally Loaded Pile Groups in Granular Soil Using 3D Nonlinear Finite Element Model

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11010026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Muhammad Bilal Adeel ◽

Muhammad Asad Jan ◽

Muhammad Aaqib ◽

Duhee Park

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Element Model ◽

Design Guidelines ◽

American Petroleum Institute ◽

Winkler Foundation ◽

Group Effect ◽

Pile Groups ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Laterally Loaded Pile ◽

Laterally Loaded

The behavior of laterally loaded pile groups is usually accessed by beam-on-nonlinear-Winkler-foundation (BNWF) approach employing various forms of empirically derived p-y curves and p-multipliers. Averaged p-multiplier for a particular pile group is termed as the group effect parameter. In practice, the p-y curve presented by the American Petroleum Institute (API) is most often utilized for piles in granular soils, although its shortcomings are recognized. In this study, we performed 3D finite element analysis to develop p-multipliers and group effect parameters for 3 × 3 to 5 × 5 vertically squared pile groups. The effect of the ratio of spacing to pile diameter (S/D), number of group piles, varying friction angle (φ), and pile fixity conditions on p-multipliers and group effect parameters are evaluated and quantified. Based on the simulation outcomes, a new functional form to calculate p-multipliers is proposed for pile groups. Extensive comparisons with the experimental measurements reveal that the calculated p-multipliers and group effect parameters are within the recorded range. Comparisons with two design guidelines which do not account for the pile fixity condition demonstrate that they overestimate the p-multipliers for fixed-head condition.

Toward a Regulatory Budget

Public Budgeting &amp Finance ◽

10.1111/1540-5850.01094 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 89-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fred Thompson

Keyword(s):

Regulatory Budget

Comportement de pieux d'essais instrumentés sous charge horizontale

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t93-001 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

R. Frank ◽

H. Zervogiannis ◽

S. Christoulas ◽

V. Papadopoulos ◽

N. Kalteziotis

Keyword(s):

Pile Foundation ◽

Bending Moment ◽

Standard Penetration Test ◽

American Petroleum Institute ◽

Full Scale ◽

Test Method ◽

Cohesionless Soil ◽

Penetration Test ◽

Cohesionless Soils ◽

Final Design

This paper describes the behaviour of two test piles (one bored and postgrouted and one simply bored, both 31.7 m long and 0.75 m in diameter) subjected to horizontal loads. These full-scale pile tests were carried out for the actual design of the pile foundation of a pier of the Evripos cable-stayed bridge. This bridge will link the Euboea Island to mainland Greece. The two piles have already been subjected to bearing capacity tests under axial loadings. The inclinometer measurements, taken during the present tests, yielded, in particular, the deformed shape of the piles as well as the bending moments. Conclusions could be drawn for the final design of the pile foundation with respect to horizontal loadings. Furthermore, various calculation methods using p–y reaction curves for cohesionless soils have been checked: the Ménard pressuremeter method, the method of the American Petroleum Institute recommendations, and the Standard penetration test method of Christoulas. These pile tests show that simple measurements, taken on construction sites, can yield interesting results on the actual behaviour of horizontally loaded piles. Key words : pile, horizontal loading, full-scale test, horizontal loads, bending moment, subgrade reaction modulus, p–y curve, cohesionless soil, Standard penetration test, pressuremeter test.

A Model for the Effect of Velocity on Erosion of N80 Steel Tubing due to the Normal Impingement of Solid Particles

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.2905921 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 54-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

D. P. Chase ◽

E. F. Rybicki ◽

J. R. Shadley

Keyword(s):

Solid Particle ◽

Computational Study ◽

Target Material ◽

Target Surface ◽

American Petroleum Institute ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Unknown Coefficient ◽

Conservation Of Energy ◽

Carrier Fluid ◽

Erosion Behavior

As part of a combined experimental and computational study of erosion for gas and oil production conditions, a semi-empirical model has been developed to predict erosion ratio behaviors of metals due to solid particle impingement. One use of the model will be to reduce the total number of experiments needed to characterize erosion behavior. The model represents material property information associated with both the target material and the impinging particles, as well as impingement speed. Five different models are examined in terms of ability to predict erosion ratio behavior as a function of impingement speed. The model selected is based on a conservation of energy formulation and fracture mechanics considerations to predict the amount of material removed due to solid particle impingement. The resulting equation to predict the erosion ratio for a given particle size contains one unknown coefficient which is determined through comparison with experimental data. Illustrative examples are presented for data for two different sizes of glass bead solid particles in an oil carrier fluid impinging on an API (American Petroleum Institute) N80 grade steel target at an impingement angle 90 deg to the target surface. Using erosion data at one impingement speed to determine the unknown coefficient, the model was used to predict erosion behavior at a range of other speeds. Good agreement between the erosion ratio data and the values predicted by the model were found for two solid particle sizes. Recommendations for expanding the capabilities of the model are pointed out.

International standardisation driving global competitiveness and sustainability of the oil and gas and future energy industries

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj20156 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 408

Author(s):

Matt Keys ◽

Miranda Taylor

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

International Association ◽

American Petroleum Institute ◽

International Standards ◽

Global Competitiveness ◽

Global Industry ◽

New Energy ◽

Australian Standard ◽

Working Groups ◽

World Economic

The World Economic Forum has identified that the oil and gas (O&G) industry must lead the process of its own transformation by innovation and multistakeholder collaboration. The Capital Project Complexity initiative is an industry-wide, noncompetitive collaboration on standardisation and use of procurement specifications. Australia is now a major contributor to this collaboration which has brought together all the major O&G operators through the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP) network and the standardisation bodies including International Organization for Standardization (ISO), American Petroleum Institute Standards, European Committee for Standardization, Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization, Standardization Administration of China, Standards Australia (SA) and many more. The focus is on developing common international standards through an IOGP Standards-ISO/TC67 link and standardised equipment specifications linking to these standards through IOGP-JIP33. Australia contributes via SA’s mirror committee ME-92, which is now fully established with direct involvement in the ISO/TC67 9 subcommittee areas and 13 working groups covering 261 current and developing standards. In September 2020, the first of these standards, AS ISO 29001, was identically adopted as an Australian standard. With the Australian experts now ensuring ISO Standards will incorporate Australian industry expertise, knowledge and regulatory requirements where possible future revisions will enable them to be adopted as the next revision of the Australian standard. This industry-wide collaboration will ensure future project costs are optimised and safety enhanced through use of the global industry knowledge while also reducing the need to write local standards. This study describes Australia’s strategy being pursued to align with the global industry. It also provides information on how this network is supporting the development of knowledge transfer to the decommissioning and new energy industries that will form Australia’s future.

Fatigue Evaluation of API 12F Shop-Welded Tanks With a New Roof-to-Shell Junction Detail

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4050662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Heyi Feng ◽

Sukru Guzey

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Life ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Liquid Product ◽

American Petroleum Institute ◽

Normal Operation ◽

Bottom Plate ◽

Liquid Height ◽

Operation Pressure ◽

Publishing Services ◽

Fatigue Evaluation

Abstract The American Petroleum Institute (API) provides a series of standards and specifications on storage tanks, in which the API 12F specification provides 12 tank designs that can be fabricated in the shop and transported to the field. The nominal capacity of the 12 API 12F tank designs ranges from 90 bbl (14.3 m3) to 1000 bbl (158.99 m3). The minimum required thickness and operational pressure levels that each tank case can sustain are given in Table 1 of the current 13th edition of API 12F (API, 2019, “API 12F Specification for Shop-Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids,” 13th ed., API Publishing Services, Washington, DC, Standard No. API 12F). The objective of this study is to estimate the fatigue life of API 12F tanks under normal operation pressure cycles following the procedure presented in ASME VIII-2. The stored liquid product specific gravity is assumed to be 1.2 when the liquid height is half of the tank height, while the specific gravity is assumed to be 0.7 when the stored liquid height is 18 in. (460 mm). Meanwhile, a new roof–shell attachment detail is proposed in this study, the new rectangular cleanout junction detail presented in the 13th edition of API 12F is modeled, and various component thickness combinations are considered to investigate the effect of component thickness on fatigue life. The roof–shell joint (top junction) and shell–bottom plate (bottom junction) are studied by axisymmetric models under axisymmetric idealization as they are away from the cleanout junction, while the cleanout junction is studied by applying a submodeling technique. Stress classification is performed at each location of interest to obtain the stress components to calculate the stress range within each loading cycle that is needed to perform fatigue evaluation. The results and discussion about fatigue evaluation of API 12F tanks are presented in this report.

American Petroleum Institute Spectral Data and Standard Samples

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1366/000370251774652759 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 3-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Frederick D. Rossini

Keyword(s):

Spectral Data ◽

American Petroleum Institute ◽

Standard Samples