Competition and Commitment in Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Cress ◽  
J. Miller McPherson ◽  
Thomas Rotolo
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Consistent Support

Much of the research on voluntary associations has argued that commitment to the group determines member participation and persistence. In this framework, highly committed members participate to a greater degree than less committed members, and maintain their connection with the group over longer periods of time. Less committed members, on the other hand, participate sporadically, and tend to drop their memberships easily. This commitment thesis implies a positive relationship between participation and persistence: the more the member participates, the longer the duration of membership. We argue that this individual level thesis should be supplanted by a system level understanding, in which the competition among social groups for individual resources determines persistence and participation. This competition thesis predicts a negative relationship between persistence of membership and participation in group activities: the more the member participates, the shorter the average duration of membership. We use event history analysis to test these opposing hypotheses on a sample of 1587 membership spells covering a fifteen year time period. We find strong and consistent support for the competition thesis.

scholarly journals Geographical trajectories of refugees in Sweden: Uncovering patterns and drivers of inter-regional (im)mobility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Vogiazides ◽  
Hernan Mondani
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Large City ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Settlement Policies ◽  
Multinomial Logit Regression ◽  
History Analysis

Abstract Many countries actively seek to disperse refugees to counteract residential segregation or/and take measures to attract and retain international migrants in smaller communities to mitigate or reverse population decline. This study explores the regional distribution and inter-regional mobility among refugees in Sweden. It uses individual-level register data to follow two cohorts for 8 years after their arrival in Sweden, distinguishing between refugees subject to a placement policy in the 1990s and recent cohorts that either had arranged their own housing or had been assigned housing. It uses sequence analysis and multinomial logit regression to analyse regional trajectories, and event history analysis to examine mobility determinants. The results indicate that most refugees remained in the same type of region throughout the period. A significant proportion of refugees with assigned housing in large city or small city/rural regions stayed there over a long period, suggesting that refugee settlement policies have long-lasting consequences.

Demographic outcomes during colonisation: Migration and mortality among indigenous and non-indigenous populations in nineteenth-century Sweden

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-176
Author(s):  
Lotta Vikström ◽  
Emil Marklund ◽  
Glenn Sandström
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Level Data

Due to insufficient historical population data, there is limited knowledge about the demographic outcomes of colonisation. This study provides demographic evidence of the difficulties faced by the Sami – an indigenous population in Sweden – during nineteenth-century colonisation, as indicated by (1) high risks of migration and (2) low survival rates compared to non-Sami. The digitised parish registers of the Demographic Data Base (Umeå University) provide longitudinal, individual-level data on migration, mortality, and ethnic origin. Event history analysis reveals that the Sami were vulnerable, with a higher mortality rate than non-Sami, and that they were more prone to migrate from areas overcrowded due to an increased competition for land. However, regardless of ethnic origin, it was primarily the settlers who migrated, and who ran the lowest mortality risks. This result suggests a ‘healthy settler effect’, and diverse consequences of colonisation that did not always follow ethnic lines.

Another Day Another Dollar Metric? An Event History Analysis of Student Loan Repayment

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-651
Author(s):  
Johnathan G. Conzelmann ◽  
T. Austin Lacy ◽  
Nichole D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Student Loans ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Student Loan ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Event History ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Degree Recipients

Students increasingly borrow money to attend postsecondary education. Yet, little attention in the literature has been paid to the repayment of student loans, aside from failure indicators like default. This study examines a nationally representative sample of bachelor's degree recipients and the time it takes to reach different repayment thresholds on federal student loans. Motivated by a new federal emphasis on student loan repayment rates, we use event history analysis to show that bachelor's degree recipients have little trouble paying down $1 of their principal balance upon entering repayment. After just six months, 65 percent of this student borrower population had already done so, often paying back much more than $1. However, borrowers enrolled in federal Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) plans took much longer to pay down any loan balance, and many never did in the time we observed their repayment. The consistently negative relationship we find between IDR and paying down loan balances highlights a tension between repayment rate policies and the push for IDR reform of the U.S. repayment system. We discuss the policy implications of these findings and offer an alternative repayment metric to accommodate the contrasting goals and structures of standard repayment schedules versus income-contingent repayment policies.

scholarly journals Selvmordsrisiko blandt personer diagnosticeret med demens

Suicidologi ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Erlangsen
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dementia Diagnosis ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk

Formål: Studiet undersøger risikoen for selvmord blandt personer med hospitalsdiagnosticeret demens og dets sammenhæng med depression. Data og metode: Individbaserede registerdata dækkende alle personer fyldt 50 år og derover bosat i Danmark i perioden 1. januar 1990 til 31. december 2000 (N = 2.474.767) blev analyseret. Eventhistory analyseteknik blev benyttet til at beregne relative risiko for død af selvmord i multivariable analyser. Resultat: I alt 18.648.875 personår blev observeret over det 11-årige studieforløb. Der forekom 136 selvmord blandt personer med demens diagnosticeret ved hospitalsindlæggelse. Den relative risiko for selvmord blandt mænd og kvinder i alderen 50–69 år med demens var henholdsvis 8,5 [CI-95%: 6,3–11,3] og 10,8 [CI-95%:7,4–15,7]. Personer fyldt 70 år og derover med demensdiagnoser havde en tre gange højere selvmordsrisiko end personer uden demens. Den forhøjede selvmordsrisiko blandt personer med demens forblev signifikant også efter justering for depressionsdiagnoser. Henholdsvis 40% og 38% af selvmord blandt mænd og kvinder med demens fandt sted inden for det første år efter demensdiagnosen første gang blev konstateret. Konklusion: Demens, defineret som diagnosticeret ved hospitalsindlæggelse, var forbundet med en højere selvmordsrisiko for personer fyldt 50 år og derover. Særligt tiden efter første diagnose og dobbeltdiagnose med depression korrelerede med en forhøjet risiko for selvmord. Objective: The current study aims to examine the risk of suicide in persons diagnosed with dementia during a hospitalization and its relationship to mood disorders. Data and method: Individual-level register data on all persons aged 50+ living in Denmark during January 1, 1990 through December 31, 2000 (N = 2,474,767) were included in the analysis. Event-history analysis was applied to calculate relative risks of dying by suicide while controlling for select timevarying covariates Results: A total of 18,648,875 personyears were observed during the 11-year study period. During this period, 136 persons who previously were diagnosed with dementia died by suicide. Men and women aged 50–69 years with hospital presentations of dementia had a relative suicide risk of 8.5 [CI-95%: 6.3–11.3] and 10.8 [CI-95%:7.4–15.7], respecti-vely. Those who aged 70 or older with dementia had a threefold higher risk than persons with no dementia. The risk among persons with dementia remained significant when controlling for diag-noses of mood disorders. As many as 40% of the men and 38% of the women who died by suicide died within the first year after initial dementia diagnosis. Conclusions: Dementia, determined during hospitalization, was associated with an elevated risk of suicide for older adults. Particularly, time shortly after initial diagnosis and presence of mood disorders was found to correlate with an increased risk of suicide.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Transmission of Reproductive Behavior in Sweden, 1850-1889

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 181-202
Author(s):  
Paul Rotering
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Intergenerational Continuities

Previous studies have consistently observed intergenerational continuities in childbearing. This study uses individual-level parish records to examine the intergenerational transmission of fertility over the life course of women in Sweden during the fertility transition in the second half of the nineteenth century. Bivariate correlations, event history analysis and Poisson regression models are estimated for a large number of indicators of reproductive behavior. In line with the literature, the findings show evidence of intergenerational fertility correlations. The observed correlations are often small, but show that fertility transmission did occur during the demographic transition. The findings confirm our current understanding of intergenerational transmission and highlight the role of kin members in shaping reproductive outcomes.

Event History Analysis in Demography

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-357
Author(s):  
Johannes Huinink
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
History Analysis

From source-oriented databases to event-history data files: a twelve-step action plan for the analysis of individual and household life histories

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Onno Boonstra ◽  
Maarten Panhuysen
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Event History ◽  
Flat File ◽  
Event History Data ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Good Technique ◽  
Data Files ◽  
The Way

Population registers are recognised to be a very important source for demographic research, because it enables us to study the lifecourse of individuals as well as households. A very good technique for lifecourse analysis is event history analysis. Unfortunately, there are marked differences in the way the data are available in population registers and the way event history analysis expects them to be. The source-oriented approach of computing historical data calls for a ‘five-file structure’, whereas event history analysis only can handle fiat files. In this article, we suggest a series of twelve steps with which population register data can be transposed from a five-file structured database into a ‘flat file’ event history analysis dataset.

Gender Differences in the Link Between Marital Status and the Risk of Cognitive Impairment: Results From the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging

2021 ◽  
pp. 009141502110241
Author(s):  
Yujin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Event History ◽  
Never Married ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Married Men ◽  
And Gender

In the context of South Korea, characterized by increasing population aging and a changing family structure, this study examined differences in the risk of cognitive impairment by marital status and investigated whether this association differs by gender. The data were derived from the 2006–2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. The sample comprised 7,568 respondents aged 45 years or older, who contributed 30,414 person-year observations. Event history analysis was used to predict the odds of cognitive impairment by marital status and gender. Relative to their married counterparts, never-married and divorced people were the most disadvantaged in terms of cognitive health. In addition, the association between marital status and cognitive impairment was much stronger for men than for women. Further, gender-stratified analyses showed that, compared with married men, never-married men had a higher risk of cognitive impairment, but there were no significant effects of marital status for women.

scholarly journals System models for resilience in gerontology: application to the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Klasa ◽  
Stephanie Galaitsi ◽  
Andrew Wister ◽  
Igor Linkov
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
System Level ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
The World ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe care needs for aging adults are increasing burdens on health systems around the world. Efforts minimizing risk to improve quality of life and aging have proven moderately successful, but acute shocks and chronic stressors to an individual’s systemic physical and cognitive functions may accelerate their inevitable degradations. A framework for resilience to the challenges associated with aging is required to complement on-going risk reduction policies, programs and interventions. Studies measuring resilience among the elderly at the individual level have not produced a standard methodology. Moreover, resilience measurements need to incorporate external structural and system-level factors that determine the resources that adults can access while recovering from aging-related adversities. We use the National Academies of Science conceptualization of resilience for natural disasters to frame resilience for aging adults. This enables development of a generalized theory of resilience for different individual and structural contexts and populations, including a specific application to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Use of linked administrative and laboratory data to confirm that serum 25(OH)D levels in pregnant women can be predicted from satellite estimates of ultraviolet radiation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate M Miller ◽  
Robyn M Lucas ◽  
Elizabeth A Davis ◽  
Prue H Hart ◽  
Nicholas H de Klerk
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Time Period

Abstract Background Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels of pregnant women have been linked to various health outcomes in their offspring. Satellite-derived ultraviolet radiation (UVR) data have been used as a proxy for 25(OH)D levels, as individual-level cohort studies are time-consuming, costly and only feasible for common outcomes. Methods Data on 25(OH)D levels from a public laboratory database were linked to data from the Western Australian Midwives’ Notification System and daily erythemal UVR dose from NASA satellites. Regression analysis was used to identify the time period prior to venesection where daily UVR dose best predicted 25(OH)D levels. A predictive model was used to validate the use of daily UVR dose as a proxy for personal sun exposure during pregnancy. Results Data from 19 173 pregnancies in women aged 18–43 years in Western Australia were included. The daily UVR dose averaged over the 90 days before venesection was the strongest UVR predictor of 25(OH)D level (a 5% increase per 1000 J m–2; equal to 3.3 nmol L–1 at the median of 66 nmol L–1). Ethnicity was the strongest predictor of 25(OH)D levels (21% lower in non-Caucasian vs Caucasian: equal to 7.2 nmol L–1 difference). Other significant predictors were gestation, age, year, parity, socio-economic status, remoteness, medical conditions and season. Conclusion NASA-derived erythemal UVR dose in the 90 days prior to venesection is a significant predictor of 25(OH)D levels in pregnant women. Linked administrative data can be used to investigate associations between UVR during pregnancy and health outcomes in offspring.

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