Public Law in the State Courts in 1926–1927

1927 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-597
Author(s):  
Robert E. Cushman
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The City ◽  
Equal Population

Legislative Apportionment. The problem of the representation of large cities or metropolitan districts in state legislatures is becoming increasingly difficult and acute. The number of states in which a single center of population is with each census approaching a size which entitles it, on the basis of its inhabitants, to a controlling proportion of the representatives in the state legislature grows steadily as the current of population toward the city continues to flow. Certain states have dealt with this situation by frankly and openly discriminating against these metropolitan areas by specifying that they shall never be entitled to more than a fixed percentage of the representatives. The constitutions of certain other states do not permit this, however, but require that after each decennial census a total fixed number of members in the legislative body shall be allotted equally to districts of equal population. If this is done the metropolis is guaranteed under each apportionment the increase in representation to which its proportionate increase in population entitles it. And the answer volunteered to this problem by several state legislatures has been steadily to refuse to reapportion the state.

Public Law in the State Courts in 1925–1926

1926 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-603
Author(s):  
Robert E. Cushman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

Validity of Procedure. In the summer of 1925 the appellate division of the supreme court of New York held that the City Home Rule Amendment of 1923 had not been legally adopted and was invalid. In the case of Browne v. City of New York the court of appeals reversed this decision and held the amendment valid. The chief ground of attack on the amendment was, it is believed, unique. It may be stated as follows: The New York constitution requires an amendment to be proposed by one legislature, approved by the legislature chosen at the next election of senators, and then ratified by the voters. The City Home Rule Amendment was proposed by the legislature of 1922, approved by that of 1923, and ratified at the polls in 1923. It was an amendment to Article XII. But the legislature of 1922 had also approved an amendment to Article XII, relatively trivial in nature, which had originated in the legislature of 1920. This amendment was ratified in November, 1922, and went into effect in January, 1923, before the second legislative approval of the City Home Rule Amendment. In other words Article XII, which the City Home Rule Amendment changed, was not the same when the amendment passed the legislature for the first time as when it passed the second time. The appellate division held not only that the amendment must be the same when passed by the two legislatures but that the provision amended must also be the same.

Single-Member Districts and the Representation of Women in American State Legislatures: The Effects of Electoral System Change

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. King
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
System Change ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Election Results ◽  
American State

This study assesses the effects of changing electoral structure on the representation of women in American state legislatures. Specifically, how does converting from multimember districts (MMDs) to single-member districts (SMDs) affect the proportion of women serving in the state legislature? I use a quasi-experimental design, comparing election results from the four states that eliminated MMDs during the reapportionment following the 1990 census to those in eight states whose systems did not change during this period. The weight of the evidence suggests that abandoning MMDs for SMDs decreases the representation of women in state legislatures.

scholarly journals University campuses in Russia: architectural and urban development typology

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (06) ◽  
pp. 1826-1839
Author(s):  
Aleksey Vladimirovich Popov ◽  
Olga Ivanovna Syrova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Planning Development ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

The purpose of the present study is to develop a typology of university campuses reflecting all their diversity. The main attention is paid to the peculiarities of the location of the university campuses relative to the settlements, as well as their spatial planning arrangement. In general, depending on the spatial planning arrangement, three types of university campuses are defined and analyzed, namely, dispersed, dissected, and compact (local). The features of university complexes located in the metropolitan areas, largest, and large cities, as well as in medium and small cities, and outside of large settlements in the suburban area have been determined depending on the location of campuses relative to settlements. Besides, the authors have identified the ways of spatial planning development of existing university complexes and justified improving the spatial planning arrangement of university campuses. In general, four ways of the spatial development of existing universities are identified: purchasing facilities in the adjacent territory to expand the existing campus; placing the necessary additional facilities in the adjacent and other areas of the city, that is, integrating into the urban environment; creating an additional campus in a remote territory (often in the suburbs); and moving all or part of the university facilities to a new campus with a full-fledged infrastructure in another area of the city or suburb. The article provides examples of university campuses (complexes) in Russian cities for all the types considered, provided with the attached graphic schemes.

City vs. State

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-124
Author(s):  
Julia Payson
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Policy Environment ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
The City

This chapter considers how city lobbying affects the overall policy environment from the perspective of the state. While results at the city level suggest that there are individual winners and losers from the lobbying process, this chapter shows how aggregate lobbying trends can systematically bias state transfers toward the interests of high-income cities, making them less progressive on average. At the same time, local officials don’t lobby for funding alone. Through a series of short case studies, this chapter also examines how the lobbying efforts of cities are shaping current policy debates in state legislatures, including preemption battles over minimum wage laws. While difficult to quantify the effects of these activities, taking a more holistic view of city lobbying paints a more nuanced and positive picture about its policy consequences.

scholarly journals Geoecological approach to the design of recreational areas in large cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 06012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Matveevskaya ◽  
Victoria Pogodina ◽  
Marina Ermolina
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
The State ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The City

Life in big cities exacerbates a person's desire to be more often in the bosom of nature, enjoy the peace and beauty of landscapes. The administration of megacities is concerned about the problems of preserving the natural environment and creating within the city limits a network of recreational areas where recreational activities can be organized. In each region, this type of recreation is organized in accordance with the laws adopted in the state. According to geoecologists, the share of recreational areas should be at least 15% of the total area of the city. So for example the total area of such territories in St. Petersburg is only 6 004.4 hectares (which is 4.17% of the total area of the city). Comparison of the urban map of landscapes and located areas for recreation within the city allows concluding about the unequal representation of each landscape. This should be taken into account when designing new protected areas within the city. In the research, an attempt to generalize the theoretical material in the field of environmental and recreational resource studies is done. Also, a detailed description of recreational opportunities for the rational use of individual components of the city's natural environment is presented. The authors conducted a geoecological analysis of the allocation of recreational areas in large cities. Features of nature that should be taken into account when designing recreational areas in large cities, on an example of St. Petersburg, are noted.

scholarly journals Trusting the Courts: Redressing the State Court Funding Crisis

Daedalus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
Michael J. Graetz
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Stable State ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
State Court ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Timely Fashion

In recent years, state courts have suffered serious funding reductions that have threatened their ability to resolve criminal and civil cases in a timely fashion. Proposals for addressing this state court funding crisis have emphasized public education and the creation of coalitions to influence state legislatures. These strategies are unlikely to succeed, however, and new institutional arrangements are necessary. Dedicated state trust funds using specific state revenue sources to fund courts offer the most promise for adequate and stable state court funding.

The Relationship between Severe Weather Warnings, Storm Reports, and Storm Cell Frequency in and around Several Large Metropolitan Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1339-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Naylor ◽  
Aaron Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Convective Activity ◽  
City Center ◽  
Cell Frequency ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Storm Cells ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Abstract The spatial distribution of storm-based severe weather warnings, local storm reports, and radar-detected storm cells around six large cities in the central United States is examined from October 2007 to May 2017. The cities are Columbus, Ohio; Cincinnati, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; and St. Louis, Missouri. In all six cities, warning counts within 20 km of the city center are found to vary by 20%–40%. In every city except St. Louis, a maximum in warnings is located 5–15 km to the east (downwind) of the city center. Additional analysis reveals that the location of the warning maxima often varies with wind direction. Areas of enhanced convective activity are also evident in and around each city. Many of these areas are found to the east of the city center and are coincident with areas of increased warnings. This alignment could suggest that urban influences are creating areas of enhanced severe weather potential on the eastern side of large cities. However, there are also instances where the locations of maxima in warnings, local storm reports, and convective activity are spatially offset. In these locations, it is possible that other factors are impacting the distribution of one or more of these fields.

Contemporary Abortion III—Activism, Law, and Policy

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rickie Solinger
Keyword(s):  
Social Issue ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
Law And Policy

How are state legislatures responding to abortion and satellite issues? In recent years many state legislatures have defined abortion and efforts to limit the procedure as their number one social issue. In fact, the state legislature, rather than Congress or the courts, has...

Legislatures and Courts

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Berkowitz ◽  
Karen B. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Political Competition ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Legal Origin ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Complex Cases

This chapter furthers the previous chapter's discussion by examining how colonial legal origin and political competition have shaped the funding of state courts. State judicial budgets are set by the state executive and legislative branches as part of a regular state budget exercise. Judicial budgets are used to pay for staff, facilities, and other resources such as professional experts who can evaluate complex cases, as well as judicial salaries. The powers that governors and legislators have to shape judicial budgets serve as reasonable and useful checks on the judicial branch. However, governors and state legislatures may also use their power in setting judicial budgets to inappropriately influence judicial rulings.

State Courts

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Berkowitz ◽  
Karen B. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
State Courts ◽  
High Court ◽  
High Courts ◽  
State High Courts

This chapter examines how a state's colonial legal system and levels of political competition in the state legislature shaped the independence of judges on the state high court. It argues that the independence of judges in state high courts influences their behavior on the bench and thus economic and social outcomes. This is because judges face the difficulties of maintaining their positions. Thus, this chapter shows how judges facing Republican electorates were more likely to vote for businesses over individuals, and how those facing Democratic electorates had the opposite voting patterns. The chapter illustrates a model emphasizing these patterns, by plotting the relationships among legal initial conditions, political competition, and state courts.

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