Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Achen ◽  
Duncan Snidal
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
Empirical Generalizations ◽  
Tests Of Hypotheses

Several recent books have argued that comparative case studies of crises demonstrate the failure of rational-deterrence theory; they have offered certain empirical generalizations as substitutes. This paper shows that such contentions are unwarranted. First, the empirical generalizations are impressive as historical insights, but they do not meet the standards for theory set out by the most sophisticated case-study analysts themselves. Second, the “tests” of rational deterrence used in the case studies violate standard principles of inference, and the ensuing procedures are so biased as to be useless. Rational deterrence, then, is a more successful theory than portrayed in this literature, and it remains the only intellectually powerful alternative available.Case studies are essential to theory building: more efficiently than any other methods, they find suitable variables, suggest middle-range generalizations for theory to explain, and provide the prior knowledge that statistical tests require. Their loose constraints on admissible propositions and suitable evidence are appropriate and even necessary for these tasks. These same characteristics, however, inevitably undermine all attempts to construe case-study generalizations as bodies of theory or tests of hypotheses.

Magnetic Current Imaging Techniques: Comparative Case Studies

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Crépel ◽  
Philippe Descamps ◽  
Patrick Poirier ◽  
Romain Desplats ◽  
Philippe Perdu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Optimal Domain ◽  
Magnetic Current ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
Current Flows

Abstract Magnetic field based techniques have shown great capabilities for investigation of current flows in integrated circuits (ICs). After reviewing the performances of SQUID, GMR (hard disk head technologies) and MTJ existing sensors, we will present results obtained on various case studies. This comparison will show the benefit of each approach according to each case study (packaged devices, flip-chip circuits, …). Finally we will discuss on the obtained results to classify current techniques, optimal domain of applications and advantages.

Case Study Research: A State-of-the-Art Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Volmar ◽  
Kathleen M. Eisenhardt
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Study Research ◽  
Case Research ◽  
Grounded Theory Building ◽  
Emergent Theory

Theory building from case studies is a research strategy that combines grounded theory building with case studies. Its purpose is to develop novel, accurate, parsimonious, and robust theory that emerges from and is grounded in data. Case research is well-suited to address “big picture” theoretical gaps and dilemmas, particularly when existing theory is inadequate. Further, this research strategy is particularly useful for answering questions of “how” through its deep and longitudinal immersion in a focal phenomenon. The process of conducting case study research includes a thorough literature review to identify an appropriate and compelling research question, a rigorous study design that involves artful theoretical sampling, rich and complete data collection from multiple sources, and a creative yet systematic grounded theory building process to analyze the cases and build emergent theory about significant phenomena. Rigorous theory building case research is fundamentally centered on strong emergent theory with precise theoretical logic and robust grounding in empirical data. Not surprisingly then, theory building case research is disproportionately represented among the most highly cited and award-winning research.

The Rational Deterrence Debate

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Downs
Keyword(s):  
Formal Methods ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Rational Theory ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World

Although there are important differences between the rational theory of deterrence and the theory of deterrence that is emerging from the psychology and case-study literatures, it is necessary for adherents of both to appreciate the ways in which they complement each other and the problems they share. For example, rational deterrence theory will not describe the way the world works until certain heuristics and biases that can only be discovered through case studies and other inferential methods are either eliminated or integrated into the theory. On the other hand, psychologists and case-study researchers will find it difficult to trace through the implications of their discoveries for strategic behavior until they adopt some relative of formal methods.

scholarly journals Comparative case studies on ring gear fault diagnosis of planetary gearboxes using vibrations and acoustic emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Leaman ◽  
Ralph Baltes ◽  
Elisabeth Clausen
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Wind Turbine Gearbox ◽  
Planetary Gearbox ◽  
Vibration Sensors ◽  
Comparative Case Studies

AbstractThe analysis of vibrations and acoustic emissions (AE) are two recognized non-destructive techniques used for machine fault diagnosis. In recent years, the two techniques have been comparatively evaluated by different researchers with experimental tests. Several evaluations have shown that the AE analysis has a higher potential than the vibration analysis for fault diagnosis of mechanical components for certain cases. However, the distance between the AE sensor and the fault is an important factor that can considerably decrease the potential to detect damage and that has not been sufficiently investigated. Moreover, the comparisons have not yet addressed conditions of slow speed that for example are usual for wind turbine gearboxes. Therefore, in this paper we present two comparative case studies that address both topics. Both case studies consider planetary gearboxes with faults in their ring gears. The first case study corresponds to a small planetary gearbox in which the AE and vibration sensors were installed together at two different positions. The second case study corresponds to a full-size wind turbine gearbox in which three pairs of AE and vibration sensors were installed on the outside of the ring gear from a low-speed planetary stage. The results of the evaluations demonstrate the important influence of the distance between sensors and fault. Despite this, the good results from the AE analysis indicate that this technique should be considered as an important complement to the traditional vibration analysis. The main contribution of this paper is comparing AE and vibration analysis by using not only experimental data from a small planetary gearbox but also from a full-size wind turbine gearbox. The comparison addresses the topics of proximity of the sensor to the fault and low-speed conditions.

Natural locations and the distinction between ‘what’ and ‘where’ concepts: Evidence from differential locative marking in Makalero

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Huber
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
East Timor ◽  
The World ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
Specific Construction

Abstract Differential locative marking is found in languages all over the world. Toponyms, in particular, are well known to often require less locative marking than other types of nouns, and it has been suggested that they express ‘where’ concepts. This paper presents a case study of differential locative marking in Makalero, a Papuan language of East Timor, where nouns fall into three categories: those which need no overt locative marking, i.e., can be zero-marked; those which are used with a semantically general locative verb; and those which can only be used with semantically specific locative verbs. Zero-marking of spatial relations occurs only in a specific construction where the nouns in question are used predicatively, suggesting that the syntactic equivalent of the ‘where’ category is a relational expression, not a noun. There is furthermore a certain degree of flexibility in Makalero locative constructions, and alternative expressions result in predictable semantic differences. These differences show that the lack of perceptual boundaries and of an internal structure are important parameters that distinguish the referents of so-called natural location nouns from nouns which denote ‘what’ concepts. More comparative case studies are needed to enrich our understanding of these notions and the properties characterizing them.

Behind the Veil of the Old

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-170
Author(s):  
Yigal Bronner
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Intellectual Traditions ◽  
The Will ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
The Veil

This chapter begins by surveying the petering out of the debate over sequence in interpretation in seventeenth-century India and speculating about the reasons for its decline. At this point, the chapter returns to the broad question of innovation with which this book began, and places the story in the context of the “New Intellectuals” in South Asia and that of a few comparative case studies in order to present a broader survey of modes of novelty in scholastic traditions. The rhetorical stance of traditionalism that masks substantive innovation in the book's main case study has significant parallels in other intellectual traditions, suggesting a larger pattern that may merit further investigation. The “oldness of the will” discussed in chapter 1 may be only a pretense, after all, and a new one at that.

scholarly journals Comparative Case Studies: An Innovative Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Bartlett ◽  
Frances Vavrus
Keyword(s):  
International Education ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Study Research ◽  
Comparative And International Education ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Comparative Case Studies

What is a case study and what is it good for? In this article, we argue for a new approach—the comparative case study approach—that attends simultaneously to macro, meso, and micro dimensions of case-based research. The approach engages two logics of comparison: first, the more common compare and contrast; and second, a ‘tracing across’ sites or scales. As we explicate our approach, we also contrast it to traditional case study research. We contend that new approaches are necessitated by conceptual shifts in the social sciences, specifically in relation to culture, context, space, place, and comparison itself. We propose that comparative case studies should attend to three axes: horizontal, vertical, and transversal comparison. We conclude by arguing that this revision has the potential to strengthen and enhance case study research in Comparative and International Education, clarifying the unique contributions of qualitative research.

Between contextuality and comparability: a dilemma in qualitative comparative case studies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Repstad
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
International Study ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
International Group ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Rich Data

This chapter illustrates the challenge of obtaining notably rich data from the respective localities, while at the same time being able to draw effective and insightful comparisons. Comparative case studies contain an inherent tension between offering a useful and problem-oriented opportunity for conducting research keeping the local situation in mind and seeking more general patterns, which may turn out to be fruitful and rewarding for social science in the long run. The inherent tension in the case study method shows that there is no perfect research design for study in social science. However, when an international group of researchers has been given the means to conduct a large international study and has succeeded in the painstaking job of establishing an international framework, there are some good arguments to develop a design for the study with a minimum level of standardisation, to increase the possibilities of identifying causal mechanisms.

Patientenbezogene Komplexität in der Pflege – Kollektive Case Studies im Akutspital

Pflege ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Gurtner ◽  
Rebecca Spirig ◽  
Diana Staudacher ◽  
Evelyn Huber
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Study Designs

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die patientenbezogene Komplexität der Pflege ist durch die Merkmale „Instabilität“, „Unsicherheit“ und „Variabilität“ definiert. Aufgrund der reduzierten Aufenthaltsdauer und der steigenden Zahl chronisch und mehrfach erkrankter Personen erhöht sich die Komplexität der Pflege. Ziel: In dieser Studie untersuchten wir das Phänomen patientenbezogener Komplexität aus Sicht von Pflegefachpersonen und Pflegeexpertinnen im Akutspital. Methode: Im Rahmen eines kollektiven Case-Study-Designs schätzten Pflegefachpersonen und Pflegeexpertinnen die Komplexität von Pflegesituationen mit einem Fragebogen ein. Danach befragten wir sie in Einzelinterviews zu ihrer Einschätzung. Mittels Within-Case-Analyse verdichteten wir die Daten induktiv zu Fallgeschichten. In der Cross-Case-Analyse verglichen wir die Fallgeschichten hinsichtlich deduktiv abgeleiteter Merkmale. Ergebnisse: Die Ausprägung der Komplexität hing in den vier Cases im Wesentlichen davon ab, ob klinische Probleme kontrollierbar und prognostizierbar waren. Je nach individuellen Ressourcen der Patientinnen und Patienten stieg bzw. sank die Komplexität. Schlussfolgerungen: Komplexe Patientensituationen fordern von Pflegefachpersonen Fachwissen, Erfahrung, kommunikative Kompetenzen sowie die Fähigkeit zur Reflexion. Berufsanfänger und Berufsanfängerinnen werden zur Entwicklung dieser Fähigkeiten idealerweise durch erfahrene Berufskolleginnen oder -kollegen unterstützt und beraten.

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