Avarice and Ambition in Congress: Representatives' Decisions to Run or Retire from the U.S. House

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Hall ◽  
Robert P. Van Houweling
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Retirement Pension ◽  
Financial Factor ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
The U.S

Over two centuries ago, Adam Smith wrote of two passions that motivate those seeking public distinction: avarice and ambition. By investing these categories with appropriately concrete meaning, we develop a model of House members' career decisions. Like other individuals contemplating retirement options, politicians act with an eye to their financial interests, but not all financial interests are alike. The financial factor that matters most involves perennial considerations of post-retirement pension benefits, not fleeting opportunities to exploit ethically questionable sources of outside income. Second, we embed in the model a theory of intra-institutional ambition. Members impute value both to leadership positions they expect to retain and positions they expect to obtain. Majority members well-positioned to exert future legislative leverage are less likely to retire. Finally, several sources of electoral insecurity increase retirement probability. In the main, members may be reelection-seekers but will not pay any price to seek something they may not find.

Internet Firms Become Global Regulators

Chokepoints ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Tusikov
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Counterfeit Goods ◽  
Global Regulators ◽  
Internet Firms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Online Regulation ◽  
The U.S

Having set the backdrop to the private agreements, this chapter discusses how the non-binding agreements emerged from distinct historical and political circumstances. It provides a brief historical overview that traces the growing influence of multinational rights holders on the U.S. government’s intellectual property policymaking processes from the late 1970s to 2012. The chapter then examines in detail four U.S. intellectual property bills, including the controversial Stop Online Piracy Act, which proposed to reshape fundamentally the online regulation of intellectual property rights infringement. In doing so, the chapter documents a significant shift in enforcement strategy from a focus on removing problematic content (e.g., advertisements for counterfeit goods) to disabling entire websites for allegedly trafficking in counterfeit goods. The chapter argues that Internet firms have become global regulators (known as macro-intermediaries) attractive to governments and corporations for policing a wide range of social problems, including counterfeit goods. The chapter concludes that government officials from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission played a central role in pressuring Internet firms to adopt the non-binding agreements. These agreements serve strategic state interests as well as the financial interests of rights holders.

Protecting Research, Preserving Trust

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Johnston ◽  
Naomi Scheinerman
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Research Integrity ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Financial Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Financial Relationships

This chapter reviews the two main concerns about financial relationships with industry: that they could conflict with research-related obligations leading to biased or flawed research and an incomplete research record, and that they could undermine trust in biomedical research, researchers, and research institutions. We show that these concerns are valid, and that they persist in the U.S., despite a gradual tightening over the past decade of rules and regulations regarding financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research. The threat that financial interests can pose to research integrity should be of special interest to psychiatry for two reasons: they are prevalent in this field, and they pose heightened risks due to the nature of psychiatry itself. Finally, we recommend that psychiatry—and individual research psychiatrists—take more seriously the threat posed by financial relationships with industry, and work together to develop additional strategies for avoiding and managing financial conflicts of interest.

Was sind die richtigen Rentenabschläge? – neue Perspektiven

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gasche
Keyword(s):  
Utility Function ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Relevant Alternative ◽  
Adjustment Factor ◽  
Retirement Pension ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Implicit Taxation ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
Continue Work

SummaryThe correct adjustment of pension benefits when postponing retirement is calculated by three „income-oriented“ approaches: the incentive-neutral approach, the budget-neutral approach and as an innovation the return-neutral approach. It turns out, that the three approaches differ just in their underlying discount rate but not in their method of calculation. In addition it can be shown, that the incentive-neutral approach leads to incentive neutrality when the implicit taxation of contributions is equal to the implicit taxation of the early retirement pension. The correct adjustment factors were also calculated for those cases, where the relevant alternative for early retirement is unemployment or not to continue work.As an alternative to the income-oriented approaches the utility-based approach is presented. In this case the results strongly depend on the underlying utility function and the parametric values. Overall, the statutory adjustment factor of 3,6 % per year tends to be too low applying the income-oriented approaches. Using the utility-based approach, the calculated adjustment rates can be seen as too high or too low, depending on the assumptions on the utility function and the parameter constellation.

Overview of recent cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union (October 2019-January 2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Pauline Melin
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Retirement Pension ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Retroactive Effect ◽  
Pension Age ◽  
Pension Benefits

During the period of reporting (1 October 2019-31 January 2020), six judgments are worth noting in the area of EU social security law. In Safeway, the Court had to decide whether Article 119 of the EC Treaty on equal treatment precluded a measure ending discrimination through the fixing, with retroactive effect, of a uniform normal pension age equal to that of the members within the previously disadvantaged category. In Bocero Torrico, the question related to the obligation on Member States, under Regulation 883/2004, to take into account equivalent benefits acquired in other Member States for the purpose of calculating an early retirement pension. WA concerned a discriminatory law that granted a pension supplement solely to women. UB was about a discriminatory law that granted additional benefits for sportspersons based on their citizenship. In ZP, the question concerned Article 62 of Regulation 883/2004 dealing with the calculation of unemployment benefits. Finally, in Pensions-Sicherungs-Verein, the Court had to interpret Article 8 of Directive 2008/94 in the context of a reduction of pension benefits following the insolvency of the employer.

Teach For India: Marketing an Idea

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Julie Hennessy ◽  
Charag Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Target Market ◽  
List Type ◽  
Market Positioning ◽  
School Officials ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Value Propositions ◽  
The U.S

In 2008, Shaheen Mistri, founder of the nonprofit Teach For India (TFI), was grappling with applying and adapting the business and recruitment models of the successful U.S.-based Teach For America and UK-based Teach First to meet the challenges of the education sector in India. The case provides a review of the U.S.- and UK-based models, as well as an analysis of the factors that drove their growth in their respective markets. However, the adaptation of these models to create one that could succeed in the Indian context was not straightforward. The case describes a number of ways the challenges in India differ from those in the United States and United Kingdom—namely, the size and magnitude of educational inequity, the motivations of undergraduate students as potential teacher-volunteers, the part that parents play in making career decisions for their children, and the attitudes of school officials.Students reading the case will discuss the roles of various constituencies involved in these models. After identifying how crucial constituencies are served by the U.S. and UK models, the students will then brainstorm concrete ways that these models could be adjusted for India so Mistri could successfully recruit her program's first cohort of TFI fellows Understand that crucial constituencies and value propositions often change as a for-profit or nonprofit business moves from one country (or part of the world) to another Apply the disciplines of market positioning of for-profit businesses (target market selection, frame of reference, and point of difference or superiority) to a nonprofit business Create value propositions for the various constituencies of a nonprofit organization, including volunteers, funders, and aid recipient

Beyond Progressivism: Charles A. Beard's Social Democratic Theory of American Political Development

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-281
Author(s):  
Clyde W. Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Class Divisions ◽  
The U.S

In one of his last published works, Vernon Louis Parrington authored the introduction to a book entitledThe Growth and Decadence of Constitutional Government. In it he endorsed the book's claim that ratification of the U.S. Constitution had been accompanied by “bitter class divisions.” In Parrington's view, the struggle for ratification was accurately described as both a political “clash between aristocracy and democracy” and an economic class struggle “between the greater landed and financial interests and the agrarian interests” of the new republic. He concurred with the author that “the two [struggles] in reality were one.” Hence, he suggested, relative to this historical context, the Constitution should be regarded as “a deliberate and well considered protective measure designed by able men who represented the aristocracy and wealth of America; a class instrument directed against the democracy.”

Horizontal Shareholdings and Paragraph IV Generic Entry in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Jin Xie
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Delayed Entry ◽  
Settlement Agreement ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Threat Of Entry ◽  
Monopoly Position ◽  
The U.S

The Federal Trade Commission frequently files complaints against “pay-for-delay” settlements between brand-name pharmaceutical companies and generic-drug manufacturers, the latter of which challenge the monopoly status of patent-protected drugs. I document than when the top 20 generic shareholders have more substantial financial interests in the brand, then the likelihood that the brand enters into a settlement agreement with the first generic to challenge the brand goes up. The result of such a settlement is a payment from brand to generic, in exchange for the generic’s delayed entry. Only after the first generic’s entry, a 180-day period of marketing exclusivity for that particular generic starts. Other generics can only market their drugs after that period expires. As such, the settlement between brand and the first generic extends the brand’s monopoly position. I conclude that horizontal shareholdings facilitate coordination between brand-name patent holders and generic challengers in response to the threat of entry.

Adam Smith and the Great Deceleration in the U.S. Economy

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
William D. Gerdes
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
The U.S

Intersectionality, Leadership, and Inclusion: How Do Racially Underrepresented Women Fare in the Federal Government?

2019 ◽  
pp. 0734371X1988168
Author(s):  
Ashley Nelson ◽  
Jaclyn Piatak
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Representative Bureaucracy ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Federal Employee ◽  
Underrepresented Groups ◽  
The U.S

Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions, but how does the intersectionality of being both a woman and from a racially underrepresented group influence leadership representation and inclusion in the U.S. federal government? This study answers the call of scholars to examine intersectionality that has received little attention in public administration despite the emphasis on representative bureaucracy and social equity. Drawing upon data from the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey, we find that women from racially underrepresented groups are less likely to be supervisors and feel less included in the workplace. However, we find significant variation across dimensions of inclusion, where women from racially underrepresented groups are more likely to feel their workplaces are cooperative and empowering but less likely to view them as fair, open, or supportive. Findings illustrate the importance of examining both intersectionality and different aspects of inclusion to paint a more complete picture of diversity management efforts.

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