“This Is Our Bank”: Agricultural Associations and Their Role in Two Swabian Villages in Satu Mare From the Regime Change to the Present

The study examines the impact of the agricultural associations of two Swabian settlements – Mezőfény (Foieni) and Mezőpetri (Petrești) – on the local economy and society. Agricultural associations played an important role at the beginning of the process of agrarian transformation after the regime change in Romania. The successor organisations of the socialist agricultural associations, now established on a voluntary basis, were able to counteract the impoverishment caused by the reparcelling or forced reparcelling of land during the long transitional period, while at the same time exploiting their monopoly position to prevent the emergence of individual and family farmers. The risk-averse, self-reliant economic model of the associations is reminiscent of the peasant, self-sufficient farm organisation. The associations can thus be seen as a very specific form of post-socialist post-peasant production systems.

Deregulation and Privatization

The end of the Second World War saw the company AT&T in a dominant position in the US. They had the local monopoly, the long-distance monopoly, and the manufacturing monopoly. They were under constant attack by the Justice Department who sought to stop their monopoly position by applying the Anti-Trust laws. In 1984 they succeeded, and the AT&T empire was dissolved. Seven independent, so-called Baby Bells, were set up. Bell Telephone Laboratories, the world’s greatest research laboratory, was split up. In the UK at about the same time the Post Office lost its monopoly position, although British Telecom, set up in its stead, was allowed to keep a monopoly position but had to accept regulation. France Telecom was also privatized.

Stock Market in Georgia

The study examines the financial and economic reality and backwardness of Georgia. It reflects the monopoly of commercial banks thanks to the steady support of the state and the central bank, which ultimately does not allow for the attraction of alternative financial capital and is one of the main reasons for the country's failure. In this respect, the economic progress is directly linked to this problem. Developing an economy requires large financial investments and resources. Based on the research a number of proposals need to be introduced to change the situation and to build a competitive financial market. The ultimate goal is to end the monopoly position of commercial banks and to neutralize the negative activity of the Central Bank of Georgia as the regulator of this market. This is the only way to create the independent and competitive source of finance and investment in Georgia. Ultimately, this will increase market capitalization and eliminate the backwardness between Georgia and a number of leading countries in the field of financial market and its infrastructure.

Horizontal Shareholdings and Paragraph IV Generic Entry in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry

The Federal Trade Commission frequently files complaints against “pay-for-delay” settlements between brand-name pharmaceutical companies and generic-drug manufacturers, the latter of which challenge the monopoly status of patent-protected drugs. I document than when the top 20 generic shareholders have more substantial financial interests in the brand, then the likelihood that the brand enters into a settlement agreement with the first generic to challenge the brand goes up. The result of such a settlement is a payment from brand to generic, in exchange for the generic’s delayed entry. Only after the first generic’s entry, a 180-day period of marketing exclusivity for that particular generic starts. Other generics can only market their drugs after that period expires. As such, the settlement between brand and the first generic extends the brand’s monopoly position. I conclude that horizontal shareholdings facilitate coordination between brand-name patent holders and generic challengers in response to the threat of entry.

ESTABLISHMENT OF MATERIAL DAMAGE DUE TO ILLEGAL USE OF INVENTIONS, USEFUL MODELS

The article analyzes scientific research and summarizes it, published in periodic and scientific domestic and foreign publications, legal documents that are important for determining the material damage caused to the owner as a result of illegal use of industrial property: inventions, utility models. The article formulates the concept of a patent, which is understood as a legal, technical document issued by an authorized state body, and with the help of which the state certifies the owner’s right to the object of invention or utility model created by him/her. Any actions aimed at unauthorized introduction into economic circulation of protected industrial property are considered a violation of patent rights. A patent infringer can be a natural or legal person who uses the invention in violation of the law. The object of violation may not be a specific thing, but a right of indefinite value. The damage occurs as a result of the violation of the monopoly position of the owner of the invention. To calculate the income from the use of a patented invention, it is necessary to analyze the prices of competitors for similar goods in which the invention is not used. This significantly complicates the calculation and proof; however, it is wrong to assume that all income from the sale of products is income from the use of a patented invention. Methods for establishing material harm are proposed. The drawbacks that exist when conducting an expert study of intellectual property objects are identified, and ways to eliminate it are proposed.

The principle of mutual interest as a tool for harmonizing the distribution system

This article is devoted to distribution relations. It analyzes theoretical issues related to the distribution of goods produced in the transition of the Russian economy from planned economic management to work in market conditions, considers indicators of mutual interest of the parties to the production process, as well as possible transformations associated with the monopoly position of one of the parties in the production process. On the basis of the material presented in the work, a mechanism is proposed that contributes to the formation of optimal decisions in the distribution of the goods produced.

The principle of mutual interest as a tool for harmonizing the distribution system

This article is devoted to distribution relations. It analyzes theoretical issues related to the distribution of goods produced in the transition of the Russian economy from planned economic management to work in market conditions, considers indicators of mutual interest of the parties to the production process, as well as possible transformations associated with the monopoly position of one of the parties in the production process. On the basis of the material presented in the work, a mechanism is proposed that contributes to the formation of optimal decisions in the distribution of the goods produced.

ESCAPISM AS A WAY OUT “OVER THE EDGE” IN THE PROSE OF UKRAINIAN WRITERS OF THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY

The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the specifics of the artistic expression of escapism as a form of resistance to Soviet unification based on the prose by Yu. Yanovskyi, O. Dovzhenko, O. Honchar.Methods. The article applies a combined technique based on elements of hermeneutic and semiotic analysis, the method of typological comparison of literary facts. The authors also used the toolkit of structural analysis. Results. It has been established that during the socio-cultural situation of the middle of the twentieth century, when the development of literature was going through politicization, excapism was a specific strategy of self-identification, a form of national and cultural manifestation of a number of artists. The authors emphasized that the leveling of national differences and the eradication of aesthetic pluralism led to the forced transfer of mental markers to the margins and forced mid-twentieth-century artists, who were constantly threatened with various punishments for deviating from the party and government, to balance between official, ideological requirements and their own creative potential to achieve consonance. The circumstances of the monopoly position of socialist realism, the dictates of the norms of creative behavior, the lack of conditions for self-reflection of the artist led to the fact that artistic cognition of the cultural environment, the outline of mental boundaries and semantic matrices of the nation were not possible. This kind of context allows us to consider escapism in these works not only as an escape from the problems of reality, but also as a way to transform the world.Conclusions. The study revealed that due to the presence of artists in the conditions of neutralization of the pro-Ukrainian part of the population, the escapic vector of works allowed to “slip” beyond the socialist-realist canon. Forms of expression of this tendency in the prose of Yu. Yanovskyi, O. Dovzhenko, O. Honchar were orientation to previous historical eras, excursions into the past, accents on cultural national codes. Specific features of artistic modeling of reality in the works “Four Swords” by Yu. Yanovskyi, “Ukraine on Fire” by O. Dovzhenko, “Man and Weapon” by O. Honchar are the appeal to folklore, the rise of national values, the expression of basic ethno-national features in subtextual layers. Such an emphasis on mental matrices undermined socialist realist guidelines, showed opposition to the official artistic tendency, allowed the authors to identify national self-identification and to form appropriate values in the recipients.Key words: escapism, socialist-realist canon, ethno-national features, subtext layers. Мета. Мета статті полягає в тому, щоб з’ясувати специфіку художнього вираження ескапізму як форми мистецького опору тоталітарній системі на матеріалі прози Ю. Яновського, О. Довженка, О. Гончара.Методи. У статті застосовано комплексну методику, в основі якої елементи герменевтичного та семіотичного аналізу, метод типологічного зіставлення літературних фактів. Використано також інструментарій структурального аналізу.Результати. У розвідці спостережено, що внаслідок перебування митців в умовах нейтралізації проукраїнськи налашто-ваної частини населення, ескапічний вектор творів дав змогу «вислизати» за межі соцреалістичного канону і був специфіч-ною стратегією самоідентифікації, формою проявлення творчої позиції Ю. Яновського, О. Довженка, О. Гончара. Авторами акцентовано на тому, що нівеляція національних відмінностей та викорінення естетичного плюралізму призвели до приму-сового переміщення ментальних маркерів на марґінеси. Виявлено, що в обставинах монопольного становища соцреалізму та відсутності умов для саморефлексії митця, ескапізм постає не стільки як втеча від проблем реальності, а й як спосіб трансформації світу.Висновки. Формами вираження ескапізму в прозі були орієнтація на попередні історичні епохи, екскурси в минуле, акцен-ти на культурних національних кодах. Специфічними ознаками художнього моделювання дійсності у творах «Чотири шаблі» Ю. Яновського, «Україна в огні» О. Довженка, «Людина і зброя» О. Гончара є апеляція до фольклорних первнів, піднесення загальнолюдських цінностей, увиразнення базових етнонаціональних ознак у підтекстових пластах. Акцентування на мен-тальних матрицях підривало соцреалістичні настанови, виявляло опозиційність до офіційної мистецької тенденції, давало авторам змогу виявити національну самоідентифікацію. Таким чином, ескапізм у художній картині світу прозових творів митців був специфічною формою протидії процесам стандартизації в мистецтві, які нав’язувалися радянською владою.Ключові слова: ескапізм, соцреалістичний канон, етнонаціональні ознаки, проза, підтекстові пласти.

Features and grounds of legal liability for abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market

Introduction. Issues of legal liability for abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market are quite relevant in connection with the dynamic development of legislation, as well as given the active law enforcement practice of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine. In the current conditions, the necessary guarantee of stable development and functioning of domestic commodity markets and economic entities operating in them is the effective counteraction to the negative manifestations of monopoly. Among modern types of violations of the legislation on protection of economic competition by business entities, abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market is quite common. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the features and grounds for legal liability for abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market. Results. The criteria and conditions of monopoly position of business entities in a certain market are shown. The types of actions that constitute an abuse of the monopoly (dominant) position in the market and the types of prohibitions of this abuse are indicated. The results are summarized and the main directions of work of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine are outlined. Important aspects of prosecution for violation of the legislation on protection of economic competition and the process of determining the monopoly (dominant) position of the subject in the market are highlighted. The most common types of abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market and the relevant types of legal liability are considered. The grounds for legal liability for abuse of monopoly position in the market, the object and subject of this offense are identified. Conclusion. The abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market should be considered as actions or omissions of the economic entity that holds a monopoly (dominant) position in the market, which have led or may lead to the prevention, elimination or restriction of competition. For committing an offense in the form of abuse of monopoly (dominant) position, the legislation provides for the application of legal liability of the following types: economic, legal and administrative, which can be applied in the form of fines and compulsory division. The basis for legal liability for abuse of monopoly position in the market is the establishment of factual, legal and procedural grounds. The purpose of legal liability for abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market is to prevent such negative manifestations in the economic sphere as unfair competition. Continuous development and improvement of legislation on protection of economic competition in combination with economic and organizational measures contributes to the creation of unified system and effective mechanism for combating the abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the market, including through prosecution. The key function of the Antimonopoly Committee is not to fill the budget with fines, but to effectively protect economic competition, including through active advocacy for competition in Ukraine.

Theme of love in poetic drama Sakuntala of Kalidasa

In Indian literature, Kalidasa always occupies the "monopoly position of the Lord of poetry" and the Sakuntala dramatic poem is an exemplary work of the court stage norm. In Sakuntala, poet Kalidasa focuses on praising pure and faithful love. He praises the pure soul and the aspirations of love, happiness of people in life and uses love to criticize the rigid and paranoid teachings of religion, as well as the strict laws of the caste system that stifle people's hearts. Kalidasa pushes the issue of caste down to secondary position, lets love become the main theme and makes the characters act and show their personality in relationships and highlight the victory of love.