International Arbitration

1907 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Penfield
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Political Liberty ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Independent States

The distinctive features of human progress in the nineteenth century were the advancement of natural science, discovery and invention, the growth of human freedom and political liberty, the unifying and nationalization of races into independent states and the development of the principle and the extension of the practice of international arbitration.

Statistical Law and Human Freedom

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-203
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Mathematical Probability ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Causal Laws ◽  
Analysis Of Variation

This chapter evaluates the criticism of statistics. Already in the early nineteenth century, the statistical approach was attacked on the ground that mere statistical tables cannot demonstrate causality, or that mathematical probability presupposes the occurrence of events wholly by chance. The intent of these early critics was not to suggest the inadequacy of causal laws in social science, but to reject the scientific validity of statistics. The new interpretation of statistics that emerged during the 1860s and 1870s was tied to a view of society in which variation was seen as much more vital. Statistical determinism became untenable precisely when social thinkers who used numbers became unwilling to overlook the diversity of the component individuals in society, and hence denied that regularities in the collective society could justify any particular conclusions about its members. These social discussions on natural science and philosophy bore fruit in the growing interest in the analysis of variation evinced by the late-century mathematical statisticians. To be sure, Francis Galton gave little attention to the debates on human freedom, but Francis Edgeworth was closely familiar with them, and Wilhelm Lexis's important work on dispersion can only be understood in the context of this tradition.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Historical Citation and Revolutionary Epistemology

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-283
Author(s):  
Alison Ross
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Word And Image ◽  
Arcades Project ◽  
Intended Effect

This article defends the thesis that there are multiple points of exchange between the categories of “word” and “image” in Walter Benjamin’s Arcades Project. Benjamin describes the truth of the articulate wish of the past as “graphically perceptible” and the image as “readable.” In this respect the vocabulary of “word” and “image” that Benjamin’s early work had opposed are not just deployed in concert, but specific features of the vocabulary of “word” and “image” become exchangeable. The distinctive features of this exchange can be used to expound on Benjamin’s peculiar understanding of revolutionary experience and the significance of the break that it marks with his early way of opposing the word and the image. In particular, the exchange of features between word and image can explain the mechanics and intended effect of his idea that the meaning of history can be perceived in an image. The study of this exchange also shows that although the framework of “graphic perception” entails an experience of motivating meaning that is epistemologically grounded, the citation model of history is unable to secure the extension of the sought after legibility of the nineteenth century to a recipient.

Nineteenth-Century and Early Twentieth-Century Post-Kantian Philosophy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Franks
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Kantian Philosophy

This article examines three moments of the post-Kantian philosophical tradition in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Kantianism, Post-Kantian Idealism, and Neo-Kantianism. It elucidates the distinctive methods of a tradition that has never entirely disappeared and is now acknowledged once again as the source of contemporary insights. It outlines two problematics—naturalist scepticism and historicist nihilism—threatening the possibility of metaphysics. The first concerns sceptical worries about reason, emerging from attempts to extend the methods of natural science to the study of human beings. Kant’s project of a critical and transcendental analysis of reason, with its distinctive methods, should be considered a response. The second arises from the development of new methods of historical inquiry, seeming to undermine the very possibility of individual agency. Also considered are Kant’s successors’ revisions of the critical and transcendental analysis of reason, undertaken to overcome challenges confronting the original versions of Kant’s methods.

On the Bases and Possibilities of a Scientific Psychology and Classification in Mental Disease

1899 ◽  
Vol 45 (189) ◽  
pp. 257-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lloyd Andriezen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Recent Developments

Since the middle of the nineteenth century psychology has gradually come to be recognised as a branch of biological science. This is due to the influence of the works of Darwin and Herbert Spencer, of the Clinical and Neurological School of Meynert, Golgi, Cajal, Flechsig, and others, and recent developments in the Psychometric School of Fechner and Wundt on the other. The Alienistic School can render powerful aid to this movement; and though there are indications of the current in the proper direction, as shown more particularly in the work of Mercier (1) and Bevan Lewis (2), the end, however, cannot as yet be said to have been achieved, nor the movement to have become general. Psychology still lingers on the borderland of metaphysics; it has not yet been established on the firm rock of natural science. And while it thus lingers progress in knowledge is slow and restricted.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of public administration in post-soviet societies

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 354-365
Author(s):  
Sergii A. Vavreniuk ◽  
Oleksandr M. Nepomnyashchyy ◽  
Oleksandra A. Marusheva ◽  
Iryna A. Lahunova ◽  
Svitlana M. Shostak
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Current State ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Newly Independent States

This article focuses on the problem of public administration in the countries of the former Soviet Union. It reveals the economic development issues of the states of the post-Soviet space, considers the main common and distinctive features for the newly independent states. The central problem raised in the article is the determination of the current state of the modernization process in post-Soviet societies. The author assumes the presence of demodernization and presents an argument in confirming his opinion. In addition, the article reveals the issues of the modern political state of such countries of the former USSR as Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The author traces the process of demodernization and dependence of political and social development on the governing elitist groups, leading to authoritarianism as opposed to the supposed democracy and modernization.

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