Black and White Performance in Graduate School and Policy Implications of the Use of Graduate Record Examination Scores in Admissions

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Scott ◽  
Marvin E. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Graduate Record Examination ◽  
Black And White

A Simultaneous Probit Model of Crime and Employment for Black and White Teenage Males

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Good ◽  
Maureen A. Pirog-Good
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
White Male ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Income Generating Activities

This study examines the relationships between the employability and criminality of white and black male teenagers. A disequilibrium model of employment and crime is formulated and estimated as a simultaneous probit equation system. Our results show that black teenagers who are employed engage in fewer criminal activities. Thus, it appears that blacks view employment and crime as alternative income-generating activities. On the other hand, the criminal behavior of white male teenagers is unaffected by their employment status. The evidence that we provide indicates that whites tend to use employment as a cover for crime or to moonlight in crime. The differences in the behaviors of whites and blacks can be explained, in part, by different legitimate opportunity structures for whites and blacks. One of the more important policy implications is that job opportunities targeted to high risk, black teenage populations will have the additional beneficial effect of reducing crime rates.

scholarly journals Historical redlining and contemporary racial disparities in neighborhood life expectancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Graetz ◽  
Michael Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Professional Class ◽  
Racialized Violence

While evidence suggests a durable association between redlining and population health, we lack an empirical account of how this historical act of racialized violence produced contemporary inequities. In this paper, we use a mediation framework to evaluate how redlining grades influenced later life expectancy and the degree to which contemporary racialized disparities in life expectancy between Black working-class neighborhoods and white professional-class neighborhoods can be explained by past HOLC mapping. Life expectancy gaps between differently graded tracts are driven by urban renewal, economic isolation, and property valuation that developed within these areas in subsequent decades. Still, only a small fraction of the total disparity between contemporary Black and white neighborhoods is predicted by HOLC grades. We discuss the role of these maps in analyses of structural racism, positioning them as only one feature of the larger public-private project of conflating race with financial risk. Policy implications include targeting resources to formerly redlined neighborhoods, but also dismantling broader racist logics of capital accumulation codified in more abstracted political economies of place.

scholarly journals Black Teenage Pregnancy

SAGE Open ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401243656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta I. Winters ◽  
Paul C. Winters
Keyword(s):  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Black And White ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
In Pregnancy

This article examines the relative importance of race and socioeconomic status (SES) in determining whether Black and White teenagers report having ever been pregnant. Data gathered from 1999 to 2006 by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention included 1,580 Black and White females aged 15 to 19 years. Results supported the effects of race and SES, with SES having the stronger effect. However, the effects of race and SES differ when controlling for the state of the economy. No difference between Blacks and Whites was found during better economic times. During 2003-2004, the period of greatest economic stress, race was determined to be the only predictor of teenage pregnancy. In particular, during 2005-2006, the reduction in pregnancy rates for Black minors (15-17) fell below those for White minors within their respective SES categories. Policy implications are discussed in light of these findings.

Gre Requirements and Student Perceptions of Fictitious Clinical Psychology Graduate Programs

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Atwood ◽  
Adriana M. Manago ◽  
Ronald F. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Graduate Programs ◽  
Graduate Record Examination ◽  
Minimum Score

The influence of Graduate Record Examination (GRE) requirements on undergraduate students' perceptions of a fictitious clinical psychology graduate program was examined. The more rigorous a program's GRE requirement, the more highly students were expected to rate the program on quality, reputation, challenge of curriculum, attractiveness, and their willingness to apply. 140 undergraduate participants read and rated one of three possible program descriptions that differed only with regard to the stated GRE requirements. Although the effects were small, participants rated the program requiring a minimum combined GRE score of 1,200 (verbal and quantitative) as higher in quality and as having a more challenging curriculum compared to the program that required the GRE but with no minimum score. Although preliminary, these findings are consistent with previous research demonstrating that graduate school applicants use GRE requirements in their evaluation of graduate programs.

The Graduate Record Examination: Help or Hindrance in Nursing Graduate School Admissions?

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 369-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie R. Katz ◽  
Carolyn Chow ◽  
Sandra Adams Motzer ◽  
Susan L. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
Graduate Record Examination ◽  
Nursing Graduate

scholarly journals Preparing Postbaccalaureates for Entry and Success in Biomedical PhD Programs

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. ar27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Hall ◽  
Jessica R. Harrell ◽  
Kimberley W. Cohen ◽  
Virginia L. Miller ◽  
Patricia V. Phelps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Critical Transition ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Graduate Record Examination ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Skills Lab ◽  
Phd Programs

Certain racial and ethnic groups, individuals with disabilities, and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds remain underrepresented (UR) in the biomedical sciences. This underrepresentation becomes more extreme at each higher education stage. To support UR scholars during the critical transition from baccalaureate to PhD, we established an intensive, 1-yr postbaccalaureate training program. We hypothesized that this intervention would strengthen each participant’s competitiveness for leading PhD programs and build a foundation of skills and self-efficacy important for success during and after graduate school. Scholar critical analysis skills, lab technique knowledge, and Graduate Record Examination scores all improved significantly during the program. Scholars reported significant confidence growth in 21 of 24 categories related to success in research careers. In 5 yr, 91% (41/45) of scholars transitioned directly into PhD programs. Importantly, 40% (18/45) of participating postbaccalaureate scholars had previously been declined acceptance into graduate school; however, 17/18 of these scholars directly entered competitive PhD programs following our training program. Alumni reported they were “extremely well” prepared for graduate school, and 95% (39/41) are currently making progress to graduation with a PhD. In conclusion, we report a model for postbaccalaureate training that could be replicated to increase participation and success among UR scholars in the biomedical sciences.

A minor majority

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-392
Author(s):  
Lesley Lokko
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
African Students ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Age Of Consent ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Age Of Majority ◽  
The University

The terms ‘age of consent’, ‘age of licence’ and ‘age of majority’ – often used interchangeably – give young adults legal and moral permission to drink, drive, vote, smoke, have sex and marry (among other rights). Depending on context, the threshold from being a minor to attaining majority – adulthood – is marked by a ritual or a ceremony, giving the threshold cul-tural as well as legal significance. But thresholds, as we already know, are places of action, movement, change … rarely comfortable or easy, and seldom precise. Drawing on the three years since the Graduate School of Architecture at the University of Johannesburg (GSA) was established in 2016, this essay traces the school's own ‘coming-of-age’ in a time of violent protest and popular uprising against an out-of-date and stubbornly Eurocentric curriculum. Whilst the issues facing young South African students – both black and white – have particular resonance inside South Africa, many of the initiatives that the school has pioneered under the banner of ‘Transformative Pedagogies’ hold meaning for the rest of the African continent. Using a mixture of conventional texts, videos, projects and transcripts, A Minor Majority details the GSA's attempts to seize both the site-specific ‘winds of change’ in South Africa and take advantage of global shifts in research culture and methodology to arrive at new insights and possibilities.

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