scholarly journals Historical redlining and contemporary racial disparities in neighborhood life expectancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Graetz ◽  
Michael Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Professional Class ◽  
Racialized Violence

While evidence suggests a durable association between redlining and population health, we lack an empirical account of how this historical act of racialized violence produced contemporary inequities. In this paper, we use a mediation framework to evaluate how redlining grades influenced later life expectancy and the degree to which contemporary racialized disparities in life expectancy between Black working-class neighborhoods and white professional-class neighborhoods can be explained by past HOLC mapping. Life expectancy gaps between differently graded tracts are driven by urban renewal, economic isolation, and property valuation that developed within these areas in subsequent decades. Still, only a small fraction of the total disparity between contemporary Black and white neighborhoods is predicted by HOLC grades. We discuss the role of these maps in analyses of structural racism, positioning them as only one feature of the larger public-private project of conflating race with financial risk. Policy implications include targeting resources to formerly redlined neighborhoods, but also dismantling broader racist logics of capital accumulation codified in more abstracted political economies of place.

Aging Without Children: The Link between Parental Status and Tangible Support

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2199320
Author(s):  
Agnete Aslaug Kjær ◽  
Anu Siren
Keyword(s):  
Later Life ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Tangible Support ◽  
Negative Link

Having children is a potential resource for care and support in later life. However, whether and, if so, under what conditions, childless older individuals risk insufficient support remains unclear. Using the Danish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2017), restricted to respondents aged 67 years to 97 years ( n = 5,006), our study analyzes the link between availability of tangible support and parental status in a Nordic welfare state. Our results confirm a negative link between childlessness and support mainly among unpartnered individuals. This combined disadvantage is stronger among men than among women, and the support gap intensifies with increased health needs. Taken together, although childlessness in itself is no major disadvantage for support in late life, childless men living alone risk insufficient support, particularly when in poor health. Our findings have important policy implications for future cohorts of older individuals, who will have less access to support from either a spouse or children.

scholarly journals The Role of Stressful Childhood Experiences in Shaping Later-Life Memory Loss Among Black and White U.S. Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 296-296
Author(s):  
Caroline Hartnett
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Black Adults ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Stressful Experiences ◽  
White Adults

Abstract Cognitive decline common in the U.S. and greatly impacts quality of life, both for those who experience it and for those who care for them. Black Americans experience higher burdens of cognitive decline but the mechanisms underlying this disparity have not been fully elucidated. Stress experienced in early life is a promising explanatory factor, since stress and cognition are linked, childhood stressors been shown to have a range of negative implications later in life, and Black children experience more childhood stressors than White children, on average. In this paper, we use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine whether stressful experiences in childhood help explain Black-White disparities in memory loss. These data were available for 5 state-years between 2011 and 2017 (n=11,708). Preliminary results indicate that, while stressful childhood experiences are strongly associated with memory loss, stressful experiences do not mediate the association between race and memory loss. However, race does appear to moderate the association between stressful childhood experiences and memory loss. Specifically, stressful experiences are associated with a higher likelihood of memory loss for Black adults compared to White adults.In addition, there seem to be some noteworthy patterns across different types of experiences (i.e. parental drinking may predict later memory loss more strongly for Black adults than White adults, but parental hitting may predict memory loss more strongly for White adults than Black adults).

scholarly journals Inequality in Life Expectancy, Functional Status, and Active Life Expectancy Across Selected Black and White Populations in the United States

Demography ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arline T. Geronimus ◽  
John Bound ◽  
Timothy Waidmann ◽  
Cynthia G. Colen ◽  
Dianne Steffick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Life Expectancy ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Active Life

scholarly journals Quantifying the contribution of occupational segregation to racial disparities in health: A gap-closing perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Causal Assumptions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
White Workers ◽  
Racial Disparities In Health ◽  
Population Disparity ◽  
Gap Closing

Racism causes racial disparities in health, and structural racism has many components. Focusing on one of those components, this paper addresses occupational segregation. I document high onset of work-limiting disabilities in occupations where many workers identify as non-Hispanic Black or as Hispanic. I then pivot to a causal question. Suppose we took a sample from the population and reassigned their occupations to be a function of education alone. To what degree would health disparities narrow for that sample? Using observational data, I estimate that the disparity between non-Hispanic Black and white workers would narrow by one-third. This estimate is credible because of adjustment for lagged measures of demographics, human capital, and health carried out under transparent causal assumptions. The result contributes to understanding about inequality and health by quantifying the contribution of occupational segregation to a disparity: if we took a sample and reassigned occupations, the disparity would narrow but would not disappear. The paper contributes to methodology by illustrating an approach to macro-level claims (how segregation affects a population disparity) that draws on explicitly causal micro-level analyses (potential outcomes for individuals) for which data are abundant.

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-322
Author(s):  
Massimo Biasin ◽  
◽  
Anna Grazia Quaranta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Prudential Regulation ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Bankruptcy Risk ◽  
Almost All

In contrast to the US experience, most international (European) real estate investments trusts (REITs) are subject to prudential regulation. This paper investigates the effects of prudential regulation on capital structures and consequently, the REIT share values of major legal and market constraints (i.e. leverage limitations, market discount on net asset value (NAV), tax controls) that affect non-US REITs. Italian market data are used for an empirical analysis. Our hypothesis is that in a constrained environment, the effects on share price significantly depend on the adopted valuation perspective, i.e. if shares are valued by following a NAV or a financial approach. The logic for this hypothesis is that the two valuation methodologies perceive leverage and implied financial risk differently. In particular, we argue that NAV valuation techniques incentivise REITs to maximize leverage regardless of the financial theory which indicates a contrasting impact of debt on the market value of shares. Differences in financial risk perception could also partially explain market price discounts on NAVs.The empirical results seem to support these expectations. Almost all Italian REITs tend to increase debt ratios over time. NAV discounts are significantly related to leverage. The discount effect is largely attributable to NAV increases that result from rising debt levels. On the contrary, share market prices tend to be independent from leverage. The latter result may indicate that the classic capital theory applies and current debt ratios do not imply bankruptcy risk. The results have significant policy implications in terms of an optimal regulatory design.

scholarly journals An analysis of the intersections between race and class in representations of Black and white gay men in QueerLife

Image & Text ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kudzaiishe Peter Vanyoro
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Gay Identity ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Shape Representations ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Middle Class ◽  
Black Bodies ◽  
Gay Identities

ABSTRACT This article seeks to critically analyse how intersections of race and class shape representations of Black and white gay men in QueerLife, a South African online magazine. It focuses on QueerLife's '4men' section and how its content represents classed and raced gay identities. My argument is that QueerLife forwards racialised and classed representations of the gay lifestyle, which reinforce homonormalisation within what is known as the "Pink Economy". Using Critical Diversity Literacy (CDL) to read the underlying meanings in texts and images, the article concludes that QueerLife is complicit in the construction of gay identity categories that seek to appeal to urban, white, middle-class gay-identifying communities in South Africa. The article also demonstrates how, when Black bodies are represented in QueerLife, exceptionalism mediates their visibility in this online magazine. Overall, the findings demonstrate how Black and white gay bodies are mediated online and how their different racial visibilities are negotiated within the system of structural racism. Keywords: Class, gayness, Pink Economy, QueerLife, representation, racism.

Does Marital Satisfaction Matter for Dyadic Associations Between Multimorbidity and Subjective Health Among Korean Married Couples in Middle and Later Life?1

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-536
Author(s):  
Seong Hee Kim ◽  
Susanna Joo
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Independent Variable

The present study aims to investigate how marital satisfaction moderates the dyadic associations between multimorbidity and subjective health. Data were extracted from the Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging in 2016 and 2018. The sample was Korean married couples in middle and later life ( N = 780 couples with low marital satisfaction, N = 1,193 couples with high marital satisfaction). The independent variable was multimorbidity, measured by the number of chronic diseases per person. The dependent variables were subjective life expectancy and self-rated health to represent subjective health. Marital satisfaction was a binary moderator, dividing the sample into low and high marital satisfaction groups. We applied the Actor Partner Interdependency Model to examine actor and partner associations simultaneously and used multigroup analysis to test the moderating effects of marital satisfaction. The results showed that husbands’ multimorbidity was negatively associated with wives’ self-rated health among couples in both the low and high marital satisfaction groups. In couples with high marital satisfaction, wives’ multimorbidity was negatively associated with husbands’ self-rated health, but this was not true for couples with low marital satisfaction. Regarding actor effects, multimorbidity was associated with self-rated health in both marital satisfaction groups. The actor effect of multimorbidity on the subjective life expectancy was significant only among women with low marital satisfaction. These findings suggest that there are universal and gendered associations between multimorbidity and subjective health in couple relationships.

Structural Racism and the Transition to Adulthood of Black and White Brazilians

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Luciana Dutra-Thomé ◽  
Jeanice da Cunha Ozorio ◽  
Anderson Siqueira Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White
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