Foundations of Scientific Method: The Nineteenth Century.

Biometrics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. David ◽  
R. N. Giere ◽  
R. S. Westfall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Method

Theories of Scientific Method: The Renaissance through the Nineteenth Century.

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (47) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
R. Harre ◽  
R. M. Blake ◽  
C. J. Ducasse ◽  
E. H. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Method

scholarly journals Natural Philosophy and the Sciences: Challenging Science’s Tunnel Vision

Philosophies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arran Gare
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Dialectical Thinking ◽  
Tunnel Vision ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Philosophers

Prior to the nineteenth century, those who are now regarded as scientists were referred to as natural philosophers. With empiricism, science was claimed to be a superior form of knowledge to philosophy, and natural philosophy was marginalized. This claim for science was challenged by defenders of natural philosophy, and this debate has continued up to the present. The vast majority of mainstream scientists are comfortable in the belief that through applying the scientific method, knowledge will continue to accumulate, and that claims to knowledge outside science apart from practical affairs should not be taken seriously. This is referred to as scientism. It is incumbent on those who defend natural philosophy against scientism not only to expose the illusions and incoherence of scientism, but to show that natural philosophers can make justifiable claims to advancing knowledge. By focusing on a recent characterization and defense of natural philosophy along with a reconstruction of the history of natural philosophy, showing the nature and role of Schelling’s conception of dialectical thinking, I will attempt to identify natural philosophy as a coherent tradition of thought and defend it as something different from science and as essential to it, and essential to the broader culture and to civilization.

The Political Science Discipline in Argentina: The Political Scientist's National Association's Role

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (03) ◽  
pp. 616-618
Author(s):  
Diego Mazzoccone ◽  
Mariano Mosquera ◽  
Silvana Espejo ◽  
Mariana Fancio ◽  
Gabriela Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Science Discipline ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

It is very difficult to date the birth of political science in Argentina. Unlike other discipline of the social sciences, in Argentina the first distinction can be made between political thought on the one hand, and political science in another. The debate over political thought—as the reflection of different political questions—emerged in our country in the nineteenth century, especially during the process of constructing the Argentine nation-state. Conversely, political science is defined in a general way as the application of the scientific method to the studies on the power of the state (Fernández 2001).

Contributions to the science of bridge-building in the nineteenth century by Henry Moseley, Hon. Ll.D., F. R. S. and William Pole, D.Mus., F. R. S

1976 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Applied Mechanics ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
King's College ◽  
Bridge Building

The association of Moseley and Pole with the great railway engineers serves to show that, contrary to popular belief, leading bridge constructors relied heavily upon the scientific method as long ago as the early years of the nineteenth century. It also serves to show that the relevant scientific knowledge had reached a surprisingly advanced stage, even by modern standards: it has been a common fallacy in engineering circles that such knowledge became available only toward the end of that century. The Reverend Henry Moseley (F. R. S., 1839) lived from 1801 to 1872. He read mathematics at St John’s College, Cambridge and became professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at King’s College, London in 1831. He resigned his Chair in 1844 to become one of the first inspectors of schools, then in 1853 he was appointed Canon residentiary of Bristol Cathedral. Moseley became deeply interested in applied mechanics and seems to have been greatly influenced by the work of those outstanding Frenchmen Navier and Poncelet (1). In addition to teaching mechanical principles to students of the department of engineering and architecture at King’s College in the years 1840-1842, he contributed to the theory of arches as well as energy concepts in mechanics (2)(3). His celebrated book (4) published in 1843 drew attention to those matters, in addition to much of Navier’s work (5), which had already been available in France for some twenty years.

Scientific method

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Instrument Making ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Body Of Knowledge

Procedures for attaining scientific knowledge are known as scientific methods. These methods include formulating theories and testing them against observation or experiment. Ancient and medieval thinkers called any systematic body of knowledge a ‘science’, and their methods were aimed at knowledge in general. According to the most common model for scientific knowledge, formulated by Aristotle, induction yields universal propositions from which all knowledge in a field can be deduced. This model was refined by medieval and early modern thinkers, and further developed in the nineteenth century by Whewell and Mill. As Kuhn observed, idealized accounts of scientific method must be distinguished from descriptions of what scientists actually do. The methods of careful observation and experiment have been in use from antiquity, but became more widespread after the seventeenth century. Developments in instrument making, in mathematics and statistics, in terminology, and in communication technology have altered the methods and the results of science.

Vaderfiguren in de historiografische canon - De casus Jules Michelet

2014 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Camille Creyghton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
Scholarly Practice ◽  
Jules Michelet

This article explores the metaphor of the father in the professional memory culture of historians. It takes as a case study Jules Michelet, who is generally considered the father of French historiography, and it traces how, why, and by whom he was elevated to this status. The role of Gabriel Monod, one of the most prominent historians at the end of the nineteenth century, was crucial in the promotion of Michelet. Ernest Lavisse, the writer of historical textbooks, also adopted Michelet as a father of history. This is remarkable because Monod and Lavisse were both members of the so-called positivist generation of historians, which is deemed to have distanced itself from the romantic historiographical tradition of Michelet in favour of a rigorous scientific method. Hence other factors than a similarity in scholarly practice appear to have been decisive in the choice of Michelet as father of history.

Politics by other means: Justus von Liebig and the German translation of John Stuart Mill's Logic

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAT MUNDAY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
German Translation ◽  
Complex Figure ◽  
Science And Politics ◽  
Von Liebig ◽  
The Relationship

Compared with other scientists of the nineteenth century, the German chemist Justus von Liebig (1803–73) was a complex figure. In part, this was because Liebig established such broad borders for his science. Chemical methods, popular and professional publications about chemistry, technological applications, promoting the car and even politics – all were central concerns stemming from Liebig's notion of chemistry as the central science.When Liebig discovered John Stuart Mill's Logic, a work on the philosophy of science, it struck a deep chord within him. Mill's high praise for Liebig's chemistry certainly provided Liebig with a means to promote his own reputation. In addition, Mill's Logic presented science as a central method for the general reform of society, a goal Liebig was himself struggling to define in the early 1840s. In the scientific method, Mill discovered a ‘rule by the elite’, which he could never find nor justify in his political philosophy. This was a rule that greatly appealed to Liebig, and he set out to ensure that Mill's work was translated and published in German. Though many details of this transaction are known, this paper seeks to investigate the relationship between Liebig and Mill's book, and the significance of this relationship for understanding Liebig's role as a gatekeeper and inter-relations between science and politics.

Taine, Hippolyte-Adolphe (1828–93)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Evans
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Hippolyte Taine

Hippolyte Taine dominated the intellectual life of France in the second half of the nineteenth century. He was seen as the leader of the positivist, empiricist, anti-clerical forces in a period characterized by dramatic advances in science and technology and inspired by the hope that scientific method could be applied to human affairs. Yet at the heart of his life and work was the rationalist, essentialist imperative of Spinoza and of Hegel: to demonstrate the world as system, as necessity, to ‘banish contingency’. The story of his life is the story of the abandonment of this project: it is a long, painful learning experience ending in the acceptance of loss; his richly varied works can be seen as the products of this philosophical journey.

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