Social Distance among Central Missouri Hopewell Settlements: A First Approximation

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Kay
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Big Bend ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Operational Criterion ◽  
Euclidean Distances ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

Discriminant function analysis is used as a systematic measure of interrelatedness among sites within the Lamine River and Big Bend Localities. Chipped stone projectile points from Mellor, Imhoff, Givens and Fischer-Gabbert were chosen for this analysis. Their selection was based on a suggested operational criterion: that social distance between peoples is reflected in the degree of similarity between artifacts commonly found on contemporaneous Hopewell settlements. Two statistically significant roots are defined, rejecting the null hypothesis that no significant variation occurs among these settlements' projectile points. The Euclidean distances of projectile points in discriminant space are remarkably similar to the site's geographic distribution. This analysis suggests social interaction was greatest within localities and minimal between.

The Earliest Cultures in the Western United States

1962 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex D. Krieger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Point Types ◽  
Geological Position

AbstractNearly all writers on the antiquity of man in America assume that the oldest archaeological sites contain chipped-stone projectile points and therefore cannot exceed an age of some 12,000 to 15,000 years, the estimates usually given to such projectile-point types as Sandia and Clovis. Suggestions of older sites, with radiocarbon dates ranging from some 21,000 years to as much as “greater than 37,000 years,” with simpler artifacts and an absence of stone projectile points, are generally viewed with suspicion if not abhorrence.A recent paper by E. H. Sellards considers seven localities in the western United States and Baja California which, because of geological position and radiocarbon dates, are probably too old to contain stone projectile points. The writer agrees with Sellards that these localities are archaeological (except for that at Texas Street in San Diego, California), but disagrees that those in coastal locations are different from those in inland locations for “ecological” reasons such as food supply and availability of stone. The differences may be explained in that those sites on the shores of extinct lakes were never covered by overburden, whereas those which were covered by alluvium or sand are known to us now only by varying amounts of exposure by erosion or excavation (or both).

4 Chipped Stone Tools

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Roberta S. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Stone Tools ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Elementary Technology

The chipped stone artifacts comprise a full tool kit. Ranging in size from the largest of the choppers to the tiniest of the flake scrapers, they conform to a characterization of generalized implements shaped with a minimum of modification. The broad and shallow flaking, unifacial percussion technique, use of flawed lithic material, re-working of artifacts from one kind to another, and the great number of tools retaining cortex and bulb of percussion are typical of the basic simplicity of all classes. Something of a paradox exists between the wide variety of shapes and sizes of the tools, which do tend to fall into groups, and the elementary technology of their manufacture. The major classifications include projectile points and blades, flake knives, drills, gravers, choppers, hammerstones, scrapers, picks, crescents, cores, and flakes.

A Corner-Tang Artifact from Oregon

1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-451
Author(s):  
Robert L. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Columbia River ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Columbia County

During the cataloging of a collection of some 650 tiny projectile points from the banks of the Columbia River in Columbia County, Oregon, an unusual specimen was brought to light. All but five of the points in the collection are under 3/4 inch in length and are proportionately narrow and thin. The five larger specimens were, then, immediately outstanding. Of these, one is of the corner-tang variety. It is 2.13 inches long, 1 inch wide, and 0.36 inch thick. It is made from a tan, slightly opalitic chalcedony,8 a material which is quite common in the collections of chipped stone artifacts from the lower Columbia River area.The specimen is of the type that Patterson has called “diagonal corner-tang” and possesses a small crescent notch on the side opposite the tang. The tang is quite narrow and pointed. The chipping is somewhat rough and uneven, and on one side there appears to be something of a channel groove running approximately two-thirds the length of the specimen. This is, in all probability, quite accidental.

Pink Chert, Projectile Points, and the Chacoan Regional System

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Considerable Distance ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Great House ◽  
New Models ◽  
Regional System ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
Made In

The most unusual aspect of chipped stone in Chaco Canyon is that materials were imported from a considerable distance but used almost exclusively as informal flake tools. Narbona Pass chert from the Chuska Mountains, 75 km away, is the most common nonlocal material found during the Chacoan Era (A.D. 900-1150). There are relatively few number of formal tools found in the Canyon, primarily projectile points, and a significant number of these do not seem to have been made in Chaco. New models of the organization of production offered by Earle, Hagstrum, Peregrine, and Renfrew (this issue) are evaluated using chipped-stone data collected by the Chaco Project during the 1970s. Chipped-stone data support the suggestion made by these scholars that great houses in Chaco Canyon were the focus of periodic communal gatherings. Deposition of quantities of Narbona Pass chert debitage in great house trash middens was apparently a ceremonial aspect of these gatherings, perhaps related to Puebloan concepts of renewal. Some projectile points appear to have been deposited in great house rooms or kivas as ritual offerings.

Ground Slates: East and West

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
East And West

AbstractSix major hypotheses have been advanced to account for ground slate industries containing knives, lance heads, and projectile points, found on opposite sides of the North American continent. Certain of these hypotheses assume genetic connections; others postulate separate sources and developments for such artifacts in the Northeast and North Pacific areas.A recent study of the cultures involved, chiefly Borden's (1962) Vancouver data, has indicated that: (1) ground slate artifacts made their initial appearance in both areas at about the same time; (2) the respective typologies are quite dissimilar; and (3) possible bone and/or chipped stone prototypes for certain of the specific ground slate forms exist in each area.These data suggest independent origins and developmental histories.

scholarly journals The Late Paleoindian Occupation of the Western Ouachita Mountains of Southeast Oklahoma: The Archaeology of Component V at the Quince Site (34AT134)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Perttula
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Ouachita Mountains ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Bureau Of Reclamation ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Middle Archaic ◽  
Late Paleoindian

The Quince site (34AT134) is a well-preserved and relatively deeply stratified Ouachita Mountains archaeological site in Atoka County in southeastern Oklahoma. The site’s archaeological deposits are buried in Late Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial terrace deposits of McGee Creek, a tributary to Muddy Boggy Creek, itself a southern-flowing tributary to the Red River, that cuts through the western edge of the mountains. Excavated in 1982 and 1983 prior to the creation of McGee Creek Reservoir by the Bureau of Reclamation, the 3.0 m deep archaeological deposits at the Quince site contained a record of prehistoric occupations spanning most of the Holocene period (from ca. 10,500 B.P to 1000 radiocarbon years B.P., or ca. 12,590 to 927 calibrated years B.P.) Woodland (Component I), Late Archaic (Components II and III), and Middle Archaic (Component IV) period occupational deposits are present in good stratigraphic order within the upper 1 m of McGee Creek alluvium. There are also a series of buried Late Paleoindian occupations (in what is defined as Component V) with features and chipped stone lithic tools recovered in situ that are recognized beginning from about 1.10 m to 3.0 m in depth below the surface. In this article, I discuss the archaeological evidence for use of the Western Ouachita Mountains by Late Paleoindian foragers as seen principally from the micro-scale; that is, from the perspective of this one well-preserved and stratified Late Paleoindian site. Paleoindian occupations with good stratigraphic context are apparently quite rare in the Ouachita Mountains and along the edge of the Southeastern woodlands and the Great Plains in the eastern and eastcentral part of the state of Oklahoma. Much of the archaeological research dealing with Late Paleoindian peoples in this region has dealt primarily with the description and classification of isolated temporally diagnostic projectile points (and the kinds of lithic raw materials employed in projectile point manufacture) found on the surface or in mixed and relatively shallow stratigraphic contexts. The Quince site Late Paleoindian archaeological deposits provide direct and compelling evidence for the long-term and recurrent use of the western Ouachita Mountains by hunter-gatherer groups.

6 Culture History of the Site

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Binford ◽  
Sally R. Binford ◽  
Robert Whallon ◽  
Margaret Ann Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Projectile Points ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Culture History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cursory Examination ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Range Of Variation

In this section we move from the analysis of various formal classes of data defined by non-historical criteria to an anlysis of categories of artifacts treated historically, i.e., their spatial and formal characteristics within the remains of single communities.The discussion of these occupations, although suspected of being rather numerous, must by virtue of the nature of the data be very skimpy. The relevant data are amost exclusively obtained from the surface collections. Their manner of clustering suggests that there was some range of variation in the activities carried out.Even a cursory examination of the projectile points recovered in the surface collection indicates the presence of multiple preceramic occupations. Types represented include Dalton points, Modoc Expanding Stem points, Faulkner Side-Notched points, and points of the Saratoga and Boaz type clusters. The detailed typological analysis of these points, as well as of other chipped stone materials, should make possible a more rigorous definition of the number of components. At present our understanding is limited by the nature of the data thus far analyzed.

Estimating the Magnitude of Private Collection of Points and Its Effects on Professional Survey Results

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Shott
Keyword(s):  
Professional Work ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Know How ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Probabilistic Survey ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Private Collections

ABSTRACTChipped-stone projectile points are used to mark the passage of time and cultures in the record. Archaeologists often recover points in surface survey, yet we do not know how many were found by private collectors before or after professional work. In a 1975–1977 Michigan probabilistic survey, professional archaeologists documented 30 private collections from 20 sample units. In those units, points found by private collectors outnumber professionally recovered ones by a factor of about 32. The survey region's point population estimated separately from the professional and private-collection samples differs by nearly an order of magnitude in favor of private collections, despite highly conservative assumptions about the latter. The number of points found in professional survey is inversely correlated with the number found in private collections, and the professional sample is more sparsely and randomly distributed. However, proportions of several common types are similar between professional and private collections. To the extent that large, reasonably complete samples of points are important for research and preservation, archaeologists must document private collections compiled in and near their survey areas.

Cascade Phase Lithic Technology: An Example from the Lower Snake River

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Andrefsky
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
Major River ◽  
River Drainages

Chipped stone artifact data from several Cascade phase sites located on the lower Snake River are analyzed to evaluate lithic technological characteristics of the early Cascade phase. Interpretations based upon the stone tool assemblages suggest traditional generalizations about the early Cascade phase require some rethinking. Specifically, tool type and debitage type analysis indicate that early Cascade phase settlement organization was not necessarily oriented to a local riverine setting, rather, early Cascade phase populations were highly mobile and visited major river drainages during only part of an annual cycle. Analysis of lithic raw material shows that early Cascade phase populations prefer nonlocally available cryptocrystalline cherts and fine grained basalt for production of refined tools such as projectile points and that locally available coarse grained basalts were primarily used to make nonportable situational gear.

Note types and coding in parid vocalizations. II: The chick-a-dee call of the mountain chickadee (Poecile gambeli)

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 780-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie L Bloomfield ◽  
Isabelle Charrier ◽  
Christopher B Sturdy
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Statistical Result ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Mountain Chickadee ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

We describe the chick-a-dee call of the mountain chickadee, Poecile gambeli (Ridgway, 1886), by classifying the various call notes into six types (A, A/B, B, C, Dh, and D). Note-type analyses identify a high degree of similarity among A and A/B notes in the ascending duration, descending duration, and note peak frequency, and among A/B and B notes in the end frequency. This statistical result paralleled disagreements between human sorters where A, A/B, and B notes were most often misclassified. Moreover, virtually all parameters measured showed significant variation across individuals. Therefore, the particular acoustic cues used in the discrimination of note types and individuals remain unknown, but it is likely that a constellation of features is used rather than one or two particularly salient features.

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