Company Ownership Structure, Legal Compliance and the Probability of Winning an Employment Lawsuit in China

This paper investigates empirically whether firm ownership structures contribute to varying levels of legal compliance, which ultimately influence the likelihood of winning a lawsuit. I hypothesize that private companies are more likely to lose employment lawsuits because the rule of law within the company is rarely established. Using collected 2756 employment judgments decided by district courts in Beijing between 2014 and 2018, I test this hypothesis against three other types of ownership structures in China: state-owned enterprises, wholly foreign-funded companies, and partly foreign-funded companies. The statistical result confirms that private companies are more likely to lose cases, thus supporting the proposed hypothesis. In addition, the company’s scale and the company’s life span also have a significant influence on the employment lawsuit result.

Statistical Significance Revisited

Statistical significance measures the reliability of a result obtained from a random experiment. We investigate the number of repetitions needed for a statistical result to have a certain significance. In the first step, we consider binomially distributed variables in the example of medication testing with fixed placebo efficacy, asking how many experiments are needed in order to achieve a significance of 95%. In the next step, we take the probability distribution of the placebo efficacy into account, which to the best of our knowledge has not been done so far. Depending on the specifics, we show that in order to obtain identical significance, it may be necessary to perform twice as many experiments than in a setting where the placebo distribution is neglected. We proceed by considering more general probability distributions and close with comments on some erroneous assumptions on probability distributions which lead, for instance, to a trivial explanation of the fat tail.

Histopathological analysis of incompetent great saphenous veins after mechanochemical ablation treatment – An ex-vivo experiment

Background The endovascular technique of mechanochemical ablation (MOCA) has become popular in treating patients with saphenous reflux. We reported the histopathological findings in human ex-vivo incompetent great saphenous veins following treatment with saline, polidocanol, mechanical ablation and MOCA using ClariVein device. Methods Twenty-four vein GSV specimens were obtained via traditional surgery and treated with four methods: Group A: 0.9% normal saline (NS); Group B: 3% polidocanol; Group C: mechanical ablation + 0.9% NS; Group D: mechanical ablation + 3% polidocanol (MOCA). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson’s trichrome and immunohistochemical staining were performed on each specimen and integrated optical densities were measured with vWF and a-SMA stains and statistically evaluated. vWF staining was used to assess endothelial damage and a a-SMA staining was used to assess media injury. Results HE and Masson’s trichrome staining of Groups C and D revealed severe damage to the endothelium and media compared to Groups A and B. The statistical result of vWF staining showed the damage of endothelium was significantly increased by Group D compared to Groups A, B and C. The statistical result of a-SMA staining showed the damage of media was significantly increased by Groups C and D compared to Groups A and B. Conclusions The mechanism of MOCA was caused by both endothelium damage and media tearing. The damage of endothelium was significantly increased by MOCA when compared with mechanical ablation alone.

Statistical Significance Revisited

Statistical significance measures the reliability of a result obtained from a random experiment. We investigate the number of repetitions needed for a statistical result to have a certain significance. In the first step, we consider binomially distributed variables in the example of medication testing with fixed placebo efficacy, asking how many experiments are needed in order to achieve a significance of 95 %. In the next step, we take the probability distribution of the placebo efficacy into account, which to the best of our knowledge has not been done so far. Depending on the specifics, we show that in order to obtain identical significance, it may be necessary to perform twice as many experiments than in a setting where the placebo distribution is neglected. We proceed by considering more general probability distributions and close with comments on some erroneous assumptions on probability distributions which lead, for instance, to a trivial explanation of the fat tail.

The Comparison of Different Diatom Digestive Method using HCl-H2O2 and HCl -KMnO4 in Telaga Pengilon Dieng

Identification diatom has been applied as an important key to tracing paleoenvironmental conditions. The knowledge for diatom extraction from sediment is continuing, but the diatom digestive methods in the tropical area is still limited. Telaga Pengilon, located in Dieng Indonesia, is rich in organic material in the sediment, the sample also associates with epiphytic and benthic diatom. Therefore, extracting pure diatom frustules free of organic matter from the sediments is essential for this application. To find the appropriate method for extracting diatoms in Telaga Pengilon, this research compares HCl with H2O2 and HCl with KMNO4 as the digestive reagent. Based on the statistical result (HCl, KMnO4) less time consumed than (HCl, H2O2) during the digestive process (p<0.05) and produced the same amount of residue (p> 0.05). For Pinnularia and Frustulia, the majority of diatoms could be extracted using both methods. Under microscopy, the structure of diatoms remained almost perfect after digestion with H202, the striae clearly visible and the residue digested correctly. Another method using HCl, KMnO4 fragmentation was found for some Pinnularia, and for Frustulia, the striae are clearly visible. This study demonstrated that different diatoms have different resistance for reagents and some of the locations need different reagents because different materials are contained in the sediment and need help to remove material organically. As far as the HCl and H2O2 are appropriate digestion methods in a tropical area such as Telaga Pengilon, HCl, KMnO4 can be a substitute for the less time-consuming process.

Efektivitas Audio-Visual Dangers of Smoking dalam Meningkatkan Pengetahuan, Efikasi Diri dan Sikap Remaja di SMP Negeri 32 Kota Samarinda

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Berdasarkan Riskesdas (2018), prevalensi perokok usia ≥10 tahun di Indonesia yaitu sebesar 28,8% dan usia perokok 10-18 tahun mengalami peningkatan dari 7,2% menjadi 9,1%.Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas video ceramah dengan alat peraga Dangers of Smoking dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan, efikasi diri dan sikap bahaya merokok.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan pra-eksperimental dengan desain one group pre-test-post-test. Teknik sampling yang digunakan purposive sampling. Uji statistik pada variabel pengetahuan menggunakan Wilcoxon Signed Rank dan variabel efikasi diri dan sikap menggunakan paired t-test.Hasil. Pengetahuan menunjukkan bahwa nilai p-value (0,000) < 0,05 terdapat perbedaan pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi video ceramah bahaya merokok, efikasi diri dan sikap menunjukkan nilai p-value (0,023) dan (0,019) < 0,05 terdapat perbedaan efikasi diri dan sikap sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi video ceramah bahaya merokok.Kesimpulan. Terdapat pengaruh metode video ceramah terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan, efikasi diri dan sikap bahaya merokok pada siswa.Kata Kunci: audio-visual, merokok, pengetahuan, efikasi diri, sikapABSTRACT Background. Indonesian Basic Health Research (2018) shown that the prevalence smoker aged ≥10 years old it was 28.8% and smoker between 10-18 years old increased from 7.2% to 9.1%.Objective. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of lecture videos with teaching aids the dangers of smoking to increase knowledge, self-efficacy and negative attitude towards smoking to adolescent. Method. This study used pre-experimental research with one group pre-test-post-test design. Statistical result of knowledge by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Statistical result of self-efficacy and attitude by paired t-test.Result. Knowledge variables shown that p-value (0.000) < 0.05. There was a difference in the result of adolescent knowledge before and after intervention lecture videos on the dangers of smoking. Self-efficacy and attitude variable showed that p-value (0,023) and (0,019) < 0,05. There was a difference between the result of adolescent self-efficacy and attitude before and after intervention lecture videos the dangers of smoking.Conclusion. Lecture videos with teaching aid "dangers of smoking" are effective in improving student knowledge, self-efficacy, and attitude towards the dangers of smoking.

A factor analysis of characterization of “Politician” criteria by different generations in Mongolia

Based on intergeneration theories, 2721 randomly sampled pollees are classified into 4 generations; namely Gen Z, Gen Y, Gen X and Gen BB. This paper aims to identify the difference between Mongolian generations, especially on subjective criteria to assess politicians. Based on the statistical result of factor analysis, 20 criteria are classified into 5 factors. KMO measurements above .800 and absolute significance value above .30 is used to set the boundaries for criteria grouped in one category and overlapping criteria are examined with ground justifications. Public perception of potential political representatives is researched among each generation, and commonality and discrepancies among generations are explained with quantitative verifications in the following paper. Statistics results reveal that there are common factors between Gen Z and Y, in which they perceive the factors such as the qualification and the public skills in a similar manner. Also, older generations including Gen X and BB have uniform understanding of education and political experience of politicians.

EVALUASI SIFAT FISIK SEDIAAN SHAMPO EKSTRAK DAUN KATUK (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) DENGAN BERBAGAI VARIASI VISCOSITY AGENT

Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr leaf in Indonesia called katuk have strong antioxidant activity with IC50 80,01 ppm. The aims of this research is want to know physical properties of katuk leaf shampo which is formulated in various formulas. In this research katuk was formulated in shampoo with viscocity agent (HPMC, sodium CMC and Carbopol) in various concentration. The result showed that all shampoo formulas had low jasmine smell, but had different in form and colour. Shampoo viscocity increased with increased viscocity agent. The highest viscocity showed by F7 with 0,5% carbopol concentration. pH test showed that the shampoo with HPMC and sodium CMC had pH value 6. pH value of shampoo with carbopol was 5. All of pH formulas meet the requirement of SNI standard. Statistical result showed that the physical properties of foam high, viscocity and pH all formulas had significant difference.

Peningkatan Atensi pada Anak ADHD dengan Teknik Self Instruction

<p>The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of self instruction method on attention improvement. Hypothesis of this study is self instruction method can increase attention of ADHD children.the subjects in this study are children which have been diagnosed with ADHD withage of 12 years old. Three behavior are observed, they are keep attention to the teacher, follow the teacher expression, and do the task until done according to teacher asking without leaving the chair. ABA design was used as study’s design. Statistical analysis in the study was done using t-test method. Based on statistical result it was found that to t₀(5,143) &gt;t_tab(2, 145) which can be concluded that treatment with self instruction method was significantly increase the attention of ADHD children.</p>

Information-Processing Model of Concept Formation – Is First Language Acquisition Universal?

The analysis of child’s speech corpora shows that the process of acquisition of English and French displays identical development of children’s expressions when the speech-utterances are presented as Fibonacci-weighted classes of concepts. A model of concept complexity and information processing based on principles of optimality is proposed to explain this statistical result.