Augustine's Use of Scripture

1945 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-200
Author(s):  
Mervin Monroe Deems
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
European History ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Critical Moment ◽  
Western European

Augustine lived at a critical moment in western European history. On the last day of the year 406, many Vandals, Alani, Suevi crossed the Rhine and, having defeated the Franks, settled for a time in Gaul and finally reached the Pyrenees. Four years later Rome itself fell to Alaric and his Visigoths. In addition to these outward catastrophes, the church's inner life suffered from the assaults of heretic and schismatic. Arianism persisted in Gaul, Montanism and Manichaeism were rife in North Africa. Puritanic Donatism laid claim to being genuine Christianity, a claim which the doughty Bishop of Hippo could not countenance.

‘Genuine Invariants’: The Origins of Regional Modernity in Twentieth-Century Spain

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 299-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Tippey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Critical Moment ◽  
Colonial Empire

During the decades that followed the loss in 1898 of Spain's last colony, Spanish architecture languished in a turbulent search for identity. In this search, some architects argued for a return to the historic architecture of the Spanish colonial empire, while others followed the progressive ideas of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Finally, in the mid-1940s, Spain's architects began to progress towards a successful reconciliation of these two seemingly opposed camps. A critical moment occurred in 1947 with the publication of Fernando Chueca Goitia's watershed textInvariantes Castizos de la Arquitectura Española (Genuine Invariants of Spanish Architecture).In this text, which Chueca conceived as a pocket reference for Spain's Modern architects, he described Spain as a unique place where the diverse architecture of Christian Europe and Islamic North Africa coalesced into a new — and essentially Spanish — whole. In it, he called on Spain's architects to move beyond superficial considerations of both history and modernity, and to arrive at a genuine, self-critical identity for Spanish architecture.

First occourence of the family Glaresidae in Italy, with description of the new species Glaresis gentile from Sardinia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Glaresidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
STEFANO ZIANI ◽  
MARCO ULIANA ◽  
ROBERTO RATTU
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Key Words ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Western European ◽  
Species Taxonomy

Glaresis gentile sp. nov. is described from southwestern Sardinia, Italy, providing the first record of the family Glaresidae from Italy. The new species is compared with the other western European species and with some other taxa described from North Africa. It appears to be closest to the poorly known Iberian G. thiniensis Verdú & Galante, 2001, whose aedeagus morphology is precised. Finally, a key to the European species is provided. Key words: Scarabaeoidea, Glaresidae, Glaresis, new species, taxonomy, Sardinia, Spain, sand dunes

Architecture and Western Civilization

1946 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-222
Author(s):  
John U. Nef
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
European History ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Western European ◽  
Law Courts ◽  
The Mind

All aspects of the life of an age are interrelated, even when the interrelations express themselves in cross purposes and intellectual dissolution. Whether or not they embody forms and ideas worthy to be dignified by the name of architecture, the buildings of any period are an expression of it. They reflect, in varying degrees, its economic and social development, the enactments of its legislative bodies, the acts of its administrative officials, the decisions of its law courts, the character and course of its wars. They also express, again in varying degrees, its methods of education, its religious life, its natural science, its thought and its art. They are, to some extent, the expression of past traditions and works of the mind which have retained a hold on the life of the period or have been revived by its thinkers and artists, as classical antiquity has been revived again and again in Western European history since the eleventh century.

scholarly journals Tracking the Origin and Early Evolution of Reptiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Marchetti ◽  
Sebastian Voigt ◽  
Michael Buchwitz ◽  
Mark J. MacDougall ◽  
Spencer G. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Independent Source ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Western European ◽  
Source Of Information

The origin of Reptilia and the biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic distribution of its early representatives are still poorly understood. An independent source of information may come from the extensive Carboniferous footprint record of reptiles, which is arguably richer and more complete than the skeletal record. Nevertheless, previous studies often failed to provide useful information because they were based on poorly preserved material and/or characters non-exclusive of reptile tracks. In fact, a large part of the supposed early reptile tracks can be assigned to the anamniote ichnotaxon Hylopus hardingi. Here, we revise the ichnotaxon Hylopus hardingi based on anatomy-consistent material, attribute it to anamniote reptiliomorphs, and distinguish it from Notalacerta missouriensis, the earliest ichnotaxon that can be attributed to reptiles, and the somewhat younger Varanopus microdactylus (attributed to parareptiles, such as bolosaurians) and Dromopus lacertoides (attributed to araeoscelid reptiles and non-varanodontine varanopids). These attributions are based on correlating morphofunctional features of tracks and skeletons. Multivariate analysis of trackway parameters indicates that the late Bashkirian Notalacerta missouriensis and Hylopus hardingi differ markedly in their trackway patterns from Late Mississippian Hylopus hardingi and Late Pennsylvanian reptile tracks, which appear to share a derived amniote-like type of gait. While the first occurrence/appearance of reptile tracks in the tetrapod footprint record during the late Bashkirian corresponds to the first occurrence/appearance of reptiles in the skeletal record, footprints significantly enlarge the paleobiogeographic distribution of the group, suggesting an earlier radiation of reptiles during the Bashkirian throughout North America and possibly North Africa. Dromopus appeared in the Kasimovian together with the diapsid group Araeoscelidia, but footprints from Western-European occurrences enlarge the paleobiogeographic distribution of diapsids and varanopids. Varanopus and bolosaurian parareptiles appear in the Gzhelian of North America. Older parareptiles are, however, known from the late Moscovian. In all, the footprint record of early reptiles supplements the skeletal record, suggesting possible future lines of research.

The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 51-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
European History ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Western European ◽  
Anti Jewish

Between December 1095 and July 1096 there took place the first pogrom in western European History, a series of events so distressing to the Jewish people that rumours of them reached the Near East in advance of the First Crusade, inspiring the communities there with messianic fervour, while dirges in honour of the martyrs are recited in the synagogues to this day. The first outbreaks seem to have occurred in France soon after the preaching of the crusade and the first evidence of them is a letter written by the French communities to their Rhineland counterparts, warning them of the impending threat. It is possible that persecution was widespread in France, even though the details of it are lost, apart from a reference to an anti-Jewish riot which broke out among men gathering to take the cross in Rouen. Much more evidence is available about events in the Rhineland. On 3 May 1096 the storm broke over the community at Speyer, where a crusading army of Rhinelanders and Swabians under Count Emich of Leiningen had gathered.

I. The First Wave of the Drang Nach Osten

1943 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 129-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dvorník
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
European History ◽  
The Urals ◽  
European Nation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
Modern European History

The idea of expansion towards the East runs through the whole history of Germany like a scarlet thread, and often lends its successive phases a similarity of design and a certain consistency. The history of this expansion is one of the most fascinating epics in European history and it is the Germans themselves who started calling itDrang nach Osten, ranking the results of this drive among the greatest achievements of Germany's national past. Truth to tell, there is an audacity about thisDrang, a fierce and ominous dynamism that cannot be denied, for it created a new Germany from the Elbe to the Oder and beyond, deep into the Vistula region. No other Western European nation can boast such a feat, though in the East the Russians accomplished something similar, only on a vaster scale, when they spread out the old Russia from Kiev, Novgorod and Moscow towards the Volga, the Urals and the Siberian steppes as far as Vladivostok. It is, indeed, a dramatic and tragic turning-point in modern European history when these two nations, which developed their grandiose eastward expansion in their own independent spheres, come to a head-on crash in the present bloody and merciless struggle.

scholarly journals The Longue Durée of Empire

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Leonhard
Keyword(s):  
European History ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Longue Durée ◽  
Western European ◽  
Modern European History

Against the background of a new interest in empires past and present and an inflation of the concept in modern political language and beyond, the article first looks at the use of the concept as an analytical marker in historical and current interpretations of empires. With a focus on Western European cases, the concrete semantics of empire as a key concept in modern European history is analyzed, combining a reconstruction of some diachronic trends with synchronic differentiations.

scholarly journals The culture of North Africa in travel notes of Russian travelers of the late XIX - early XX century

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-593
Author(s):  
Mulahi Samiha ◽  
Sergei M. Pinaev
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Documentary Source ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
Western European

Travel notes are the most important documentary source in the context of studying the culture of various countries. The article discusses ideas about North Africa in travel notes of Russian travelers of the late XIX - early XX century, analyzes the main themes and plots of the notes. At the designated time, Russian travelers visited such African countries as Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt, where they noted the decline of Arab culture and the planting of Western European ideals by colonists.

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