Episcopal Unrest: Gallicanism in the 1625 Assembly of the Clergy

1974 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Large Measure ◽  
Holy See ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aggressive Action ◽  
Chief Minister ◽  
The Government ◽  
King Of France ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ambiguous Position

A major problem in assessing the ecclesiastical policies of the government of Louis XIII is the equivocal reputation of its chief ministers as a churchman. Cardinal Richelieu enjoys an uncertain reputation as churchman in large measure because of the inherent ambiguities of his position as both prince of the church and chief minister of the king of France. Further compounding this ambiguous position was Gallicanism, the peculiar stance of the French church on matters of church-state and Franco-papal relations. A classic example of how Gallicanism could introduce complex and independently derived factors into Richelieu's policies was the decennial meeting of the Assembly of the Clergy of 1625. At that meeting, early in Richelieu's tenure as chief minister, the French clergy demonstrated with great vigor that Gallicanism was not a doctrine of the past and that it had wellsprings quite independent of the crown and Richelieu. Even in 1625 most people, including the papal curia, found it difficult to believe that the behavior of the Assembly of the Clergy was not dictated by Richelieu. We shall see, however, that the Assembly adopted measures well calculated to irritate the Holy See at a time when Cardinal Richelieu had every desire to placate Urban VIII. In 1625 Richelieu was negotiating feverishly to extricate Louis XIII from war in the Valtellina without losing the fruits of his aggressive action there. Richelieu's plan called for a papal garrison to be placed in the valley to keep it neutral and closed to Spain. Necessarily, the pope's cooperation was vital, which meant that it was not the moment to offend Urban VIII by attacking papal authority at home.

The Particle of Art

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Birch
Keyword(s):  
Great Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Distinction ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Church ◽  
Opening Section ◽  
At Home

“Where ideology restricts, art frees …”: the opening section of T. A. Hsia's paper provides an eloquent statement of a fundamental distinction, a distinction which is at the centre of a dilemma. How is a group of men whose inclinations and commitments are to literature as art to approach a literature which is ideological in inspiration and intent? For this, we agreed, is a fair statement of the nature of Chinese Communist literature. It is more than a matter of guidance, or direction or control. It is not at all to be taken for granted that control is disastrous for literature. Great works of literature emerged in the past from under the control of despotic monarchs and authoritarian religions. Dante did not necessarily understand the authority of the Church to impose some kind of fetter on his work; it was a measure of restricted freedom that Chinese writers of the past knew and felt at home in. Great literature endures, as Mao Tun maintains, “not because literature is independent of politics but because it serves in a way much more profound than can be assessed at the moment.”

The Polish Legal and Organisational Solutions Combating Terrorism

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Bernard Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Moment ◽  
National Experience

Legal solutions adopted over the past few years in Poland indicate that attempts are being systematically made to improve the mechanism for counteracting terrorism. Terrorism in Poland has been opposed for a long time. The commencement of such systematic solutions took place on the 25th of October 2006 through the appointment by the Prime Minister of the Inter-ministerial Team for Terrorist Threats and ended ten years later, on the 10th of June 2016, by the adoption of the law on anti-terrorist activities. For the above-mentioned reasons, the two main parts are devoted to the issues of the commencement of legal and organisational undertakings in the fight against terrorism and the characteristics of systemic statutory solutions are preceded by considerations with conclusions. The article discusses the issues of initiatives undertaken by the government administration and presents the circumstances in which it tried to face up to the problem of developing draft laws of the law now in force. In consequence, this serves to present the areas of responsibility and tasks of government administration bodies specified in the said Act. The considerations presented in this study indicate that global and national experience gained in recent years has shaped the“Polish model of combating terrorism”, which has recently found its confirmation in the relevant legal provisions. The basis for the development of this article is the interest in improving the effectiveness of combating terrorism which, for obvious reasons, is not reducing and remains very substantial. This applies to both theoreticians and practitioners. This results first of all from the needs of the challenges and threats that are subject to dynamic changes. Secondly, through the adaptation of the tools used by the state, including those mainly legal of a legal nature. These must be improved from the moment of their implementation.

The Pope and the Cities: Anticlericalism and Heresy in Innocent Hi’s Italy

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
Diana M. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Henry Vi ◽  
The Moment ◽  
City State ◽  
The Church

At the moment of Innocent Ill’s accession, the papacy faced both problems and opportunities in Italy, many of them the result of the unexpected death of the Emperor Henry VI in 1197 and the subsequent abeyance of imperial rule. The new pope at once showed his determination to realize the projects of his predecessors and to secure the position of the Holy See by establishing a papal governmental structure in central Italy and, in due course, by obtaining the election of an obedient and faithful emperor. These policies had repercussions on city-state regimes which had for many years now shown their own determination to achieve the most extensive authority possible, both within their walls and in their surrounding territories. Their quest for autonomy was often accompanied by measures hostile to the property and jurisdiction of the Church; it was sometimes also accompanied by the more or less overt toleration of heresy, even within the ranks of a city’s rulers. Attacks on clerical immunities, however, came to the papacy’s notice more frequently than instances of outright heresy, and Innocent at least was well aware how both anticlericalism and heresy proper were fuelled by the manifest inadequacies of the clergy.

European Calvinism: history, providence, and martyrdom

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 227-252
Author(s):  
Andrew Pettegree
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
New Beginning ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Church

For students of the Reformation one of the main conceptual problems is undoubtedly the distance between the mind-set of our age and theirs. We look at the Reformation as a new beginning, the moment when the Church fragmented into competing Churches, and one of the fundamental developments of the Early Modern Age: a term which in itself presents a view of progress and change as one of the determining characteristics of the age.Contemporaries, however, had a very different perception; they saw the movement for evangelical reform as one of renovation and renewal. They believed that they were attempting to recover what was best in the past of the Church, which had since become hopelessly corrupted. With others of their contemporaries they despised innovation. One can surely only understand Martin Luther if one recognizes the depth of his conservatism; that his personal crusade was to a large extent fuelled by a sense of moral outrage and indignation at what the papacy had done to his Church.

Wood’s Halfpence, Carteret, and the government of Ireland, 1723–6

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (119) ◽  
pp. 354-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick McNally
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
British Government ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Church Of Ireland ◽  
The Government ◽  
Lord Chancellor ◽  
The Church

The Wood’s Halfpence affair has long been recognised as one of the most serious disputes to have occurred between the Irish and British political establishments during the eighteenth century. There is no doubt that the conflict — caused by Irish resentment over the patent granted to William Wood to coin copper halfpence for Ireland — was one of the most serious ruptures in Anglo-Irish relations between the Williamite war and the ‘patriot’ campaign of the 1750s. The simple fact is that in 1723–4 the British administration was unable to implement its policy in Ireland. The Irish parliamentary managers declined to co-operate in the implementation of Wood’s patent, the Irish privy council failed to offer advice about how the conflict might be resolved, and the Irish lords justices refused to obey the positive orders of the British government.In the past historians have argued that, shocked by the demonstrable unreliability of its Irish servants during this episode, the British government adopted a systematic policy of appointing English officials to the highest offices of Irish state and church. The appointment of Hugh Boulter as primate of the Church of Ireland in 1724 and of Richard West as lord chancellor in 1725 seemed to support such an interpretation.

The Holy see and the Question of the Bishop-Elect of Rio, 1833-1839

1954 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-74
Author(s):  
Manoel Cardozo
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Holy See ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Church

On march 22, 1833, the regency of Brazil in the name of the emperor, by virtue of the privileges of ecclesiastical patronage which the crown enjoyed, appointed Dr. Antônio Maria de Moura to the See of Rio de Janeiro, vacant since the death of the eighth bishop, Dom José Caetano da Silva Coutinho, on January 27, 1833. In accordance with the usual practice, the regency petitioned Pope Gregory XVI on April 30 of the same year to confirm the appointment by sending the appropriate bulls of institution without which (since collation is effected solely by institution of the Roman Pontiff) the bishop-elect could not be consecrated and enthroned and, in the case of Brazil, could not exercise jurisdiction over the diocese or administer it. When Gregory refused to confirm Dr. Moura, for reasons which will later be made clear, the Imperial Government and the Holy See became involved in a dispute more bitter and prolonged than any of the many disputes between the two powers that characterize the history of the church-state relationship in Brazil from the proclamation of the independence of the country in 1822 to the abrogation of the union and the renunciation of patronage by the government in 1890.

Governing Body of the Church in Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Philip Morris
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
Big Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
90Th Anniversary ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

2010 marked the 90th anniversary of disestablishment; and the Archbishop noted in his April Presidential Address to the Governing Body that though disestablishment had been forced on the Church and its result had been to deplete assets, congregations had twice raised sufficient money to secure the Church's territorial ministry. Though the Church now had fewer attenders, clergy and ordinands than hitherto, it had survived greater challenges in the past. In his September address, as well as looking outwards and comparing the relationship between Gaza and Israel with apartheid in South Africa, he warned that the ‘Big Society’ might merely make life harder for the most vulnerable and reminded the Government that everyone needed good quality education, health and other public services.

The Idea of the Ecclesia Primitiva in the Writings of the Twelfth-Century Canonists

Traditio ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 61-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Perfect Form ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

Much recent scholarship on the period of the Investiture Struggle and the reform of the Church in the eleventh and twelfth centuries has suggested that the origins of these reforms lay not merely in the desire for moral regeneration, but in the conscious wish to return to the antique, Biblical, patristic, and Roman models of the Christian life represented by the early, pre-feudal Church. What modern historians have sometimes called ‘Germanic Christianity’ or ‘feudal Christianity’ was felt to be a pattern of institutions which had at least partly corrupted the life of the early Church. This explains the great concern of the Hildebrandine Party to rid the Church of those abuses which they felt had grown ‘especially since the time when the government of our church passed to the Germans. … But we, having searched out the Roman Order and the ancient custom of our church, imitating the old Fathers, have ordered things to be restored as we have set out above.’ The reaction against the immediate past in favor of a more perfect antique model manifested itself in the notion, expressed throughout the period, that custom must always be judged by natural law and by truth: ‘the Lord said: “I am the Truth.” He did not say: “I am the custom”; but “I am the Truth.” The reformers became impassioned to restore the ancient discipline, to rediscover the ancient laws of the Church, to bring monasticism back to its original purity, and in all this to use what they believed to be the ancient forms of the Christian life as a model by which to compare and criticize the Christianity of their own times. An extensive and varied literature appeared dealing with the problem of what the ancient ideal of the Christian life had been, a literature which began both to speak frequently of the ecclesia primitiva, and to use this idea as a model by which to reform the Church. Often this literature passed beyond the use of the idea of the ecclesia primitiva as a tool of reform to the use of the idea as a basis for the discussion of the more basic problem of what the perfect form of the Christian life had been or should be. In this regard, ‘reform’ signified not only the restoration and reestablishment of the forms of the Christian life of the past, but also the search for the continuing perfection of both the individual and the Church. The nexus of ideas associated with the Augustinian reformatio in melius was in this respect close to the idea of ‘renewal.’ Men not only returned to the forms of the past, but also explored ways of introducing new structures and forms of life into the Church.

Bauhaus Influences on an Evolving Theatre Architecture: Some Developmental Stages

1965 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-133
Author(s):  
Ned A. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
German Language ◽  
Nineteen Twenties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theatre Architecture ◽  
Lincoln Center ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Moment

One would today be hard-pressed to recall any other period since the mid-nineteen-twenties when such widespread concern among theatre practitioners has been devoted to planning of buildings primarily intended to house-performed legitimate drama. The government-supported reconstruction boom in German language countries, the conduct of three major international conferences on theatre building in the past three years, tangible progress on New York's Lincoln Center, and the Ford Foundation's widely-publicized support of theoretical planning for an Ideal Theatre-all these events are likely to overshadow for the moment efforts of those planners of the 'twenties who were forced by an economic and political untimeliness to “cast their anchor(s) far into the sea of fantasy and distant possibilities,” sadly realizing that little opportunity for innovation could exist at the time.

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