Waqf and Patronage in Seljuk Anatolia: the Epigraphic Evidence

1976 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 69-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Standard Handbook ◽  
Master Craftsman ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Master Builder ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

L. A. Mayer's Islamic Architects and their Works, a provisional list of individuals associated with the erection of Muslim buildings, has justly become a standard handbook of Muslim architectural practice. However, this varied as much as in the West, from Byzantium through the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. There are differences of basic vocabulary: the ustādh (master builder or master craftsman) of Seljuk Anatolia is unknown in the Maghrib; differences of status, suggested by the frequency of “signatures” in Seljuk Anatolia and their rarity in Mamlūk Syria and Egypt; or even differences of organization, particularly the Ottoman khāṣṣa mi‘mārlari, a corps of architect-engineers whose rôle in the 16th century has been briefly described by Şerafettin Turan but whose existence in Seljuk Anatolia is highly dubious. The present article is an attempt to use the Seljuk foundation inscriptions of Anatolia, which have not hitherto been exploited as a source, to illuminate Seljuk practice, despite the obvious difficulty of generalizing from the very inadequate evidence.

The Historical Background of Lutherian Protestanism from an Islamic Perspective and Martin Luther’s View of the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad and the Turks

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Özcan Hıdır
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Western World ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Effect ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractMartin Luther is one of the most important figures of the 16th century, a period of religious reformation in European history. He is the initiator of what later called “Protestantism”. Luther’s theological theories and tradition of thought belong to the foundations of contemporary Western civilization and also been effective in the formation of the world of thought in the West. In this regard, Luther is the first to take religious, political and socio-cultural dynamics into account for understanding Western civilization. It can be stated that the Ottomans -thus Islam and Muslims- had some political effect with respect to the emergence of Protestantism. However we lack information and documents to prove the existence of a religious effect. Along with this, it is obvious that the possibility of such an effect cannot be totally disregarded; it needs to profound en depth studies from comparative perspectives, especially by Muslim researchers.Although, from time to time, Luther expressed a positive view of Islam, the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad and Turks, his opinions in general are negative. It must not be overlooked that these theories and views are expressed within the negative political context of that time (the 16th century). Along with this, it is known that this negative attitude influences the negative depictions and descriptions regarding Islam, Qur’an, Prophet Muhammad and Muslims in the contemporary Western world. So it can be said that the negative image of Islam in the West has in fact a background that shows continuity from the Middle Ages until now. To understand our time, it is necessary to study this image in the Middle Ages thoroughly. It is obvious that both Westerners and Muslims have much to do to rectify this image.In this study, we attempt to analyze the historical background of Lutherian Protestantism and reconsider the view and attitudes of Martin Luther against the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad, and the Ottoman Turks, from the perspectives of the Islamic scholars.

scholarly journals , Does “Truska” mean the same as “Druska”? Once again on the Trusotoponym in the light of the preserved relics of the Old Prussian language

2016 ◽  
Vol 292 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
Rafał Panfil
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Salted Meat ◽  
The Middle Ages

The toponym “Truso” is the oldest known place name from the area of the ancient tribal Prussians preserved in historical sources. In recent decades, several theories have been proposed trying to explain the origin of this name. One of these hypotheses sought to explain the origin of this toponym from the Lithuanian definition of salt – “druska” or its alleged counterpart in Old Prussian – “* truska”. However, the authors of this theory have not taken into account many of the factors which are discussed in this paper. The extinct Old Prussian language differs significantly from modern Lithuanian in terms of phonetics, grammar and basic vocabulary, as shown in this paper through the analysis of the vocabulary contained in the most important source on the Old Prussian language - the Elbląg Dictionary. Therefore, any transfer of words from Lithuanian to Old Prussian with the aim of “reconstructing” a word should be considered unacceptable. This is confirmed by the opinions of linguists concerned with linguistic reconstructions. The thesis that the equivalent of the Lithuanian term druska – salt was the Old Prussian word “*truska” is essentially incorrect. From the 16th century historical source (the so-called Dictionary of Grunau) we know that the Prussians used the word Sali (*sólis) for salt. This is also confirmed by another word from the 13th century Elbląg Dictionary (OP – E 376 Saltan) *saltań or “salted meat”. The etymological formula for the salt word in Old Prussian is therefore (IE) *sal- (1), (BALT-SL) *sālis – sól, (PBALT) *sālis – salt, (OP) *sólis (Sali) – salt. The word druska in Lithuanian literally means “crumb, scrap” (as in the related Latvian language) and was adopted into Lithuanian probably only in the Middle Ages - before the Lithuanians also used the word *sólis for salt. In this respect, the thesis claiming that the toponym of Truso originated from the neverpresent Old Prussian term for salt – * truska, is not supportable. This name cannot, in any case, be translated as Solec or “salt port”. The toponymTruso derives from a much older hydronim*Drusō or the Old Prussian name of the present lake Druzno near Elbląg.

scholarly journals Concept And Its Implementation During The Reconstruction Of The Church Of Blessed Virgin Mary In Chojna

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Maciej Płotkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
The West ◽  
Reconstruction Procedure ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Master Builder ◽  
Design Ideas ◽  
The Church ◽  
Construction Works

Abstract St. Mary's parish church in Chojna was erected at the turn of XIV and XVc. in a shape of three aisles, hall church without transept, completed from the west with a single tower and from the east with polygonal presbytery with an ambulatory attached. The convergence of characteristic structural and decorative features with employed ones in medieval churches being attributed to Hinrich Brunsberg's fabric resulted in such a way, that also authorship of St. Mary in Chojna was assigned to this legendary architect and master builder of late Middle Ages period. The church was destroyed by fire during WWII in February 1945 and since then had remained as an open ruin. In 1997 reconstruction procedure of the church was begun under the leadership of the author and it still continues. This text consists of the sum of experiences connected with confronting design ideas and solutions with their executions on the site during construction works.

Three attempts of the creation of an anti-Ottoman’s alliance by the Sefevid state at the beginning of the 16th centure (based on French-language historiography)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 259-270
Author(s):  
Nailya Mamedova
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Language ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
Western European ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the relationship of the Azerbaijan state of the Safavids with the Western European states at the beginning of the 16th century on the basis of French historiography, with the aim of creating an anti-Ottoman union. The goal of the Western European states was to keep these two powerful states of the Middle Ages in a state of war and conflict - the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid state. In turn, the Safavids tried to get firearms from the West and enlist the support of the leading Western European states. Each of the parties simultaneously pursued its trade and economic interests and goals.

Reynke Vosz de olde (Rostock, 1539) in context of the Middle Low German Reynke de Vos tradition in the 15th–16th century

Reinardus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 174-197
Author(s):  
Sabina Tsapaeva
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Low German ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Middle Low German

The present article discusses the beast epic Reynke Vosz de olde (Rostock, 1539) in context of the Middle Low German Reynke de Vos tradition in the 15th–16th century. Emphasis falls on the comparison of the two particularly important Middle Low German editions of the widely-known epic against the socio-historical background in Northern Germany in the Late Middle Ages. This paper proposes to make a contribution to the field of research of the Middle Low German Reynke de Vos tradition in general but primarily examines the printed Reynke Vosz de olde edition from 1539. For this latter purpose the Reynke Vosz de olde text is compared with the 1498 pretext from the Poppy Printer, the Mohnkopf printing house, in a number of respects: typography and illustrations, construction of the book, division in books and chapters, versification, different tendencies in the commentary parts etc. The 1539 Reynke Vosz de olde edition is filtered for tendencies in textual innovations and structural changes as distinct to prototype text as well as motivation and intention cues for those. Further questions like the importance of the quotation analysis of the marginal gloss notes and of the critical question on the glossator’s identity will be highlighted and discussed.

The church in the West Highlands in the late middle ages

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46
Author(s):  
A. D. M. Barrell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Church

scholarly journals The zooarchaeological identification of a ‘Morisco’ community after the Christian conquest of Granada (Spain, early 16th century): sociocultural continuities and economic innovations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos García-García ◽  
Guillermo García-Contreras ◽  
Michelle M. Alexander ◽  
Rowena Y. Banerjea ◽  
Aleks Pluskowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractThis article presents the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of an assemblage dating to the second quarter of the 16th century that was discovered on the current university campus of Cartuja, on the outskirts of Granada (Andalusia, Spain). During the Middle Ages, this area was largely used for agricultural purposes, including as estates owned by high officials of the Nasrid dynasty, the last Islamicate polity in the Iberian Peninsula. The Castilian conquest of Granada in 1492 brought significant changes to the area, with the construction of a Carthusian monastery and the transformation of the surrounding landscape, including changes in property structures, different agrarian regimes and the demolition of pre-existing structures. Among these transformations was the filling up of a well with construction materials, and its further use as a rubbish dump. This fill yielded an interesting and unique zooarchaeological assemblage, the study of which is presented here. The results advance our understanding of changing patterns in animal consumption during the formative transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period at the heart of the former Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, and indicate the continuity of some Andalusi consumption patterns along with specialised production and distribution systems of meat products that have no archaeological precedent in the region, suggesting that the bones were dumped by a possible ‘Morisco’ community (autochthonous Muslims forced to convert to Christianity in 1502).

Book Review: The Middle Ages in the West

Theology ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 53 (356) ◽  
pp. 71-72
Author(s):  
Claude Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The West ◽  
The Middle Ages

Western Countries: Future of Multiculturalism in Context of Employment

2012 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
M. Klupt
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Western World ◽  
The West ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The World

Will immigrant minorities change the Western world? Two decades ago this question seemed irrelevant as it was expected that the West will change the world in its image. Today, the same question is perceived as rhetorical. The answer is obvious, and the dispute is merely over directions, extent and possible consequences of future changes. The center of this dispute is the multiculturalism – the concept, policy and praxis praising diversity of cultures and denying any of them a vested right to dominate not only in the world at large, but even in a particular country. The assessment of its perspectives presupposes a variety of research approaches in view of its complexity. In the present article only one of them is be used for the analysis focused on the employment of immigrant minorities from the world's South. The viability of such approach is based on two circumstances. Firstly, the employment indexes considered in ethnical context belong to the most important characteristics of ethno-social structure of a society. Secondly, the availability of broad statistical information about employment allows for resting upon empirical data, possibly avoiding a needless bias toward purely theoretical constructions.

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