Motor Encoding Strategy for Pitches of Melodies

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Mikumo
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Finger Tapping ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Musical Note ◽  
Motor Strategy ◽  
Blank Interval ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Encoding Strategy

The role of a motor strategy of pitch encoding in the processing of melodies was investigated. The encoding task involved finger-tapping analogous to that used in playing the piano. Twelve students highly trained in music made recognition judgments of melodies after a retention interval. Subjects were instructed to use tapping to memorize the pitches of the standard melody. The retention interval consisted of a blank interval, or was filled with an interfering melody, or a series of musical note names, in separate experiments. The findings suggest that (a) tapping can be an effective strategy for pitch encoding; (b) as melody length or duration of the retention interval increased, or when the retention interval was filled, subjects often tried to repeat the finger-tapping pattern in order to retain the standard melodies; (c) repeating the tapping pattern many times could elaborate the fingering of the tapping and consequently the encoding of the melodies; (d) some subjects used a dual encoding strategy, incorporating motor and verbal components.

Encoding Strategies for Tonal and Atonal Melodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Mikumo
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Encoding Strategies ◽  
Encoding Strategy

In this experiment, strategies of pitch encoding in the processing of melodies were investigated. Twenty-six students who were highly trained in music and twenty-six who were less well trained were instructed to make recognition judgments concerning melodies after a 12-sec retention interval. During each retention interval, subjects were exposed to one of four conditions (pause, listening to an interfering melody, shadowing nonsense syllables, and shadowing note names). Both the standard and the comparison melodies were six-tone series that had either a high- tonality structure ("tonal melody") or a low-tonality structure ("atonal melody"). The results (obtained by Newman-Keuls method) showed that recognition performance for the musically highly trained group was severely disrupted by the note names for the tonal melodies, while it was disrupted by the interfering melody for the atonal melodies. On the other hand, for the musically less well trained group, whose recognition performance was significantly worse than that of the highly trained group even in the Pause condition, there were no significant differences in disruptive effects between the different types of interfering materials. These findings suggest that the highly trained group could use a verbal (note name) encoding strategy for the pitches in the tonal melodies, and also rehearsal strategies (such as humming and whistling) for the atonal melodies, but that subjects in the less well trained group were unable to use any effective strategies to encode the melodies.

scholarly journals Malignant subclone drives metastasis of genetically and phenotypically heterogenous cell clusters through fibrotic niche generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sau Yee Kok ◽  
Hiroko Oshima ◽  
Kei Takahashi ◽  
Mizuho Nakayama ◽  
Kazuhiro Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Cell Depletion ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Early Step ◽  
Cell Clusters ◽  
Metastatic Cells

AbstractA concept of polyclonal metastasis has recently been proposed, wherein tumor cell clusters break off from the primary site and are disseminated. However, the involvement of driver mutations in such polyclonal mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show that non-metastatic AP cells metastasize to the liver with metastatic AKTP cells after co-transplantation to the spleen. Furthermore, AKTP cell depletion after the development of metastases results in the continuous proliferation of the remaining AP cells, indicating a role of AKTP cells in the early step of polyclonal metastasis. Importantly, AKTP cells, but not AP cells, induce fibrotic niche generation when arrested in the sinusoid, and such fibrotic microenvironment promotes the colonization of AP cells. These results indicate that non-metastatic cells can metastasize via the polyclonal metastasis mechanism using the fibrotic niche induced by malignant cells. Thus, targeting the fibrotic niche is an effective strategy for halting polyclonal metastasis.

Revealing the role of solvent additives on morphology and energy loss in benzodifuran polymer based non-fullerene organic solar cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Zheng ◽  
Enfang He ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Zhaotong Qin ◽  
Tianqi Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Solvent Additive ◽  
Role Of Solvent

Solvent additive (SA) treatment is the most effective strategy to obtain highly efficient non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSCs). However, NF-OSCs with SA treatment usually exhibits different or even opposite effect...

Can the recruitment of ex-offenders enhance offender engagement? An assessment of the London Probation Trust’s engagement worker role

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Hosking ◽  
John Rico
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Collaborative Relationships ◽  
Probation Service

Research has long established that the most effective strategy for reducing reoffending is to develop collaborative relationships with service users. Practitioners need to exhibit empathy, mutual respect, and an appreciation for the life, perspectives, and needs of service users. However, the balance between trusted confidante, and enforcer is a difficult one to achieve. With this in mind, the London Probation Trust (LPT) developed the role of engagement worker in order to provide practitioners with another resource to be utilised towards their attempts to establish successful working relationships with their service users. The engagement workers are former users of the Probation Service themselves - a life experience that allows them to successfully engage current service users, in a way that practitioners are not always able to do. Furthermore, in addition to supporting individuals to change, the experience of being an engagement worker may contribute to the engagement workers’ own desistance. Following a year of the engagement worker experiment, the project was evaluated by the LPT (now London CRC) research analyst. This chapter asks whether employing ex-offenders in this way can enhance engagement and improve outcomes.

Boko Haram Insurgency in Cameroon

2020 ◽  
pp. 796-814
Author(s):  
Afu Isaiah Kunock
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Boko Haram ◽  
National Population ◽  
Suicide Bombings ◽  
The Media

Cameroon has recently become a target of deadly attacks including shootings, kidnappings and suicide bombings by the Islamic insurgent group Boko Haram. Cognizant of the fact that Cameroon has not experienced anything like this since independence, the Cameroon mass media is challenged as to how to appropriately report this insurgency in a manner that will result in conflict containment and management rather than escalation. The researcher set to examine the role of the media in managing this armed conflict through the critical analysis of documents as well as interviews and observations from the theoretical perspective of framing. Framing by the media has been a very effective strategy in managing the conflict by mobilizing the national population against the sect while maintaining calm and lessening panic and anxiety. This effort by Cameroon media is highly commended although more still needs to be done.

The Role of Constant Curvature in 2-D Contour Shape Representations

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6970 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1290-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Garrigan ◽  
Philip J Kellman
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Constant Curvature ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Shape Representations ◽  
Contour Shape ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Invariant Shape

In early cortex, visual information is encoded by retinotopic orientation-selective units. Higher-level representations of abstract properties, such as shape, require encodings that are invariant to changes in size, position, and orientation. Within the domain of open, 2-D contours, we consider how an economical representation that supports viewpoint-invariant shape comparisons can be derived from early encodings. We explore the idea that 2-D contour shapes are encoded as joined segments of constant curvature. We report three experiments in which participants compared sequentially presented 2-D contour shapes comprised of constant curvature (CC) or non-constant curvature (NCC) segments. We show that, when shapes are compared across viewpoint or for a retention interval of 1000 ms, performance is better for CC shapes. Similar recognition performance is observed for both shape types, however, if they are compared at the same viewpoint and the retention interval is reduced to 500 ms. These findings are consistent with a symbolic encoding of 2-D contour shapes into CC parts when the retention intervals over which shapes must be stored exceed the duration of initial, transient, visual representations.

Number of friends and self-perception among Jamaican children: the role of attractiveness and fluctuating asymmetry

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Jacobson ◽  
R. Trivers ◽  
B.G. Palestis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Mating Effort ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Research Paradigm ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Peer Associations

AbstractThe role that physical attractiveness and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability, play in self-perception and peer associations were explored in a well-studied cohort of Jamaican children using a novel research paradigm where subjects were already known to each other for extensive periods of time. The results showed that how attractive a child was perceived by others was significantly positively correlated with self-ratings of attractiveness. Contrary to findings from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) samples, the study found a reversal in the sex differences in self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem, where Jamaican females rate themselves more attractive and report higher self-esteem than do males. Attractiveness also predicts overall popularity, as measured by desirability as a friend and the percentage of peers who choose an individual as a friend. Attractive individuals of both sexes were chosen more often as ‘friends’. A significant correlation was also found between an individual’s FA and the average FA of those chosen as friends. However, the effect was primarily due to preferences by males for female friends possessing similar levels of FA, which could be an effective strategy in reducing future mating effort.

Inventing a world: Reference Material and the Small Art Library

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Garton Bouwer
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
African Art ◽  
The Public ◽  
Special Collections ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Reference Collection ◽  
Lending Library ◽  
Reference Section

The case of the Central Art Library in the Cape Town City Libraries illustrates the role of an art reference collection within a lending library. Such a collection should be wide ranging in scope, catering for the needs of students, professionals, and the general public, and must be built up by means of careful and informed selection, with the needs of the local community in mind. Representation of art worldwide should be complemented with documentation of the arts of the library’s own locality and nation. The Central Art Library’s reference section includes two student collections, and a number of special collections, including a collection devoted to African art, a comics collection, an image bank, and a collection of pamphlets and ephemera. Expanding the reference collection can be an effective strategy for serving the needs of the public despite a standstill or shrinking budget.

Role of adult input in young children's category evolution: II an experimental study

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rae L. Banigan ◽  
Carolyn B. Mervis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Verbal Description ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Mutual Exclusivity ◽  
Object A ◽  
Basic Level

ABSTRACTYoung children's initial categories often are not identical to the adult category labelled by the same word. Eventually, children's categories must evolve to correspond to the adult standard. The purpose of this study was to consider the relative effectiveness of four input strategies in inducing the child to learn the adult-appropriate label and begin to form a new category. Fifty-six children aged 2;0 were taught new labels for objects that they included in categories labelled by different names. Comprehension and production post-tests were then administered. As expected, the most effective strategy involved labelling an object and providing both a physical demonstration and a verbal description of important attributes that made the object a member of the adult-appropriate category. The label plus physical demonstration strategy was next most effective. Neither the label plus verbal description strategy nor the label only strategy was effective for children of this age. Results also indicated that these 24 month olds did not yet honour the convention of mutual exclusivity of basic level categories.

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