XIII.—The Chronology of Milton's Private Studies

PMLA ◽  
1921 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Holly Hanford
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Critical Consideration

The remarkable autograph manuscript discovered in 1874 by A. J. Horwood among the papers of Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby is one of the basic documents for the study of Milton. It furnishes a list of some ninety authors, many of them by no means obvious, whom Milton knew; it indicates a large number of specific passages which he found interesting; and, finally, it contains, either explicitly or by implication, a host of opinions and ideas, consideration of which affords a new insight into the working of his mind. The Commonplace Book is, indeed, an important key to Milton's intellectual activity, and as such it merits a more careful critical consideration and a wider application than it has yet received. The facsimile published by the Royal Society of Literature in 1876 rendered the document accessible in its original form, and Horwood's edition for the Camden Society attempted a solution of some of the fundamental problems which must be dealt with before the note book can be put to fruitful use. But Horwood unfortunately did his work with little care and left it incomplete in many particulars. His text in the revised edition is reasonably accurate, but the editorial work is in the highest degree unsatisfactory. The editor did not undertake the necessary labor of identifying all the works and authors cited, nor did he always distinguish between those quoted by Milton at first and at second hand. His list of parallels from Milton's published writings is scanty, and he has failed to supply other obvious apparatus.

Dažu vācu muzikālo tradīciju pārnese latviešu kultūrtelpā 18. gadsimta II pusē

Letonica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Māra Grudule
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
German Society ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Popular Songs ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
Insight Into

The article gives insight into a specific component of the work of Baltic enlightener Gotthard Friedrich Stender (1714–1796) that has heretofore been almost unexplored — the transfer of German musical traditions to the Latvian cultural space. Even though there are no sources that claim that Stender was a composer himself, and none of his books contain musical notation, the texts that had been translated by Stender and published in the collections “Jaunas ziņģes” (New popular songs, 1774) and “Ziņģu lustes” (The Joy of singing, 1785, 1789) were meant for singing and, possibly, also for solo-singing with the accompaniment of some musical instrument. This is suggested, first, by how the form of the translation corresponds to the original’s form; second, by the directions, oftentimes attached to the text, that indicate the melody; and third, by the genres of the German originals cantata and song. Stender translated several compositions into Latvian including the text of the religious cantata “Der Tod Jesu” (The Death of Jesus, 1755) by composer Karl Heinrich Graun (1754–1759); songs by various composers that were widely known in German society; as well as a collection of songs by the composer Johann Gottlieb Naumann (1741–1801) that, in its original form, was published together with notation and was intended for solo-singing (female vocals) with the accompaniment of a piano. This article reveals the context of German musical life in the second half of the 18th century and explains the role of music as an instrument of education in Baltic-German and Latvian societies.

Two Hiberno-Latin Texts on the Gospels

Traditio ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 387-401
Author(s):  
Robert E. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Latin Literature ◽  
Biblical Exegesis ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Isidore Of Seville ◽  
Clear Insight ◽  
Venerable Bede ◽  
Alcuin Of York ◽  
Insight Into

The two texts presented here as a contribution to Hiberno-Latin literature are only a fragment of the still unedited Bible commentaries which came forth from the Irish Bible Schools of the Early Middle Ages. These two pieces are valuable sources for the development of biblical exegesis in the pre-Carolingian age, which, except for the accomplishment of the Venerable Bede (d. 735), is distinguished neither for the richness nor the depth of its theological writing. The years between the death of St. Isidore of Seville (d. 636) and Alcuin of York (d. 804) were dominated by the intellectual activity of the Irish monks, whose reputation for learning was mainly founded on their Bible scholarship. But the fruit of this scholarship is not well known. Though the two texts edited below do not represent all the intellectual factors involved in the biblical exegesis of the ancient schools of Ireland, they do reflect the spirit and method of these schools; and they do afford a clear insight into the cultural problem of the development of medieval exegesis at its earliest stage.

‘Philosophical’ grammar in John Wilkins’s ‘Essay’

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Real Character ◽  
Philosophical Language ◽  
John Wilkins ◽  
Century Thought ◽  
Insight Into

Recent studies of John Wilkins, author ofAn essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language(1668) have examined aspects of his life and work which illustrate the modernity of his attitudes, both as a theologian, sympathetic to the ecumenical ideals of seventeenth-century reformers like John Amos Comenius (DeMott 1955, 1958), and as an amateur scientist enthusiastically engaged in forwarding the interests of natural philosophy in his involvement with the Royal Society. His linguistic work has, accordingly, been examined for its relevance to seventeenth-century thought and for evidence of its modernity; described by a twentieth-century scientist as “impressive” and as “a prodigious piece of work” (Andrade 1936:6, 7), theEssayhas been highly praised for its classification of reality (Vickery 1953:326, 342) and for its insight into phonetics and semantics (Linsky 1966:60). It has also, incidentally, been examined for the evidence it offers on seventeenth-century pronunciation (Dobson 1968).

»Es soll aufgabe der vorliegenden arbeit sein …«

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Pichler
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
German Language ◽  
Seminary Students ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Language Writing ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Writing Practice ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis article aims to provide an initial insight into the practical philological work of seminary students around 1900 who study German language and literature. Within a historical-praxeological case study I want to discuss one specific text, a so-called ›Seminararbeit‹, submitted by a student in 1884. Johann Zmölnig writes about Paul Fleming, a German- and Latin-writing author from the 17th century, who becomes popular for his poems in the decades after his young death. But also later on, he is seen as a figure for German-language writing in questions of language-policy - and during the 19th century in particular for philologists and their editorial work. In more than a hundred handwritten pages the student shows several aspects of philological writing-practice: studies of language and style, linguistic criticism, biographical writing as well as the ability to enhance the prevailing perception of Fleming’s poetry.

Reminiscences and Discoveries on Ramanujan's Bust

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Series ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Congruence Properties

Ramanujan was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1918 and he died in 1920, slightly more than a year after his return to India in 1919. The story of how a bust of one who had died in 1920 came to be made 60 years later is of some interest; and I hope that it is proper to tell that story on this occasion. In his biographical notice for Ramanujan (Proceedings of the Royal Society A 99, xiii-xxix) G.H. Hardy wrote: It was his insight into algebraical formulae, transformation of infinite series, and so forth, that was most amazing. On this side most certainly I have never met his equal, and I can compare him only with Euler or Jacobi. He worked, far more than the majority of modern mathematicians, by induction from numerical examples: all his congruence properties of partitions for example were discovered in this way. But with his memory, his patience, and his power of calculation he combined a power of generalisation, a feeling for form, and a capacity for rapid modification of his hypotheses, that were often really startling, and made him, in his own peculiar field, without a rival in his day.

scholarly journals IX. On the impregnation of the ovum in the amphibia. (First series.)

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 169-242 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Actual Experiment ◽  
Difficult Subject ◽  
Insight Into

The communication which I have now the honour to present to the Royal Society is a portion of a series of investigations on the Development of the Embryo on which I have been for some years engaged, and which was commenced in a paper on the Development of the Myriapoda, that was honoured with a place in the Philosophical Transactions for 1841. I now propose to give the results of my observations on the Amphibia, reserving to a future early occasion the continuation of those on the Invertebrata commenced in the paper alluded to. The Amphibia, of all the vertebrated animals, afford to us the readiest means of investigating the difficult subject of Impregnation by actual experiment, and it is only, perhaps, by combining experiment with careful observations on the physical conditions that affect the development of the germ, and comparing these with the facts of the natural history and instincts of the species, that we may hope, ultimately, to obtain some further insight into this one of Nature’s most hidden secrets.

Isaac Newton: the rise of a scientist 1661-1671

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Early Mathematics ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The World ◽  
Experimental Scientist ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Better Than

D. T. WHITESIDE, the editor of Newton’s collected mathematical works, has recently described how Newton’s creative intellect suddenly burst forth in a scarcely controlled blaze and how his mathematical spirit, till then dormant, took fire in the magical year 1664. Dr Whiteside knows Newton and his mathematics better than anybody else, but all the same we are left not a little bewildered. How could Newton in a few months acquire such mastery of mathematical tools and techniques and such insight into the relevant literature that he might compete with and even outstrip the foremost mathematicians of his time? There may be holes in our knowledge of Newton’s early mathematics. If they cannot be filled, an investigation of Newton’s other scientific pursuits seems called for. This is most easily done in optics where Newton’s own ‘historicall narration’ describes his birth as an experimental scientist, or rather it describes how Newton wished to appear to the world. To quote from the letter (2) Newton sent to Oldenburg and the Royal Society in January 1672:

scholarly journals Managing the Growth of Peer Review at the Royal Society Journals, 1865-1965

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen Fyfe ◽  
Flaminio Squazzoni ◽  
Didier Torny ◽  
Pierpaolo Dondio
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
Current Concerns ◽  
Community Commitment ◽  
Over Time

This article examines the evolution of peer review and the modern editorial processes of scholarly journals by analyzing a novel data set derived from the Royal Society’s archives and covering 1865-1965, that is, the historical period in which refereeing (not yet known as peer review) became firmly established. Our analysis reveals how the Royal Society’s editorial processes coped with both an increasing reliance on refereeing and a growth in submissions, while maintaining collective responsibility and minimizing research waste. By engaging more of its fellows in editorial activity, the society was able to establish an equilibrium of number of submissions per reviewer that was relatively stable over time. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that the distribution of editorial work was significantly uneven. Our findings reveal interesting parallels with current concerns about the scale and distribution of peer review work and suggest the strategic importance of the management of the editorial process to achieve a creative mix of community commitment and professional responsibility that is essential in contemporary journals.

4. On the Diffusion of an Impalpable Powder into a Solid Body

1880 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 712-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sydney Marsden
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Solid Body ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Soda Water ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High ◽  
Do So

In a note on “The Effect of Heat on an Infusible, Impalpable Powder,” by Professor P. G. Tait, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. ix. p. 298, for the year 1876–77, Professor Tait points out that such a powder becomes very fluid under the action of heat, and behaves in many respects in the same way as a liquid would do—viz., convection currents are distinctly to be observed, and small particles of the powder are thrown up from the surface, in the same manner as we perceive little drops of water thrown up from the surface of a glass of soda-water. And Professor Tait then asks the question—If, supposing we had two such infusible, impalpable powders, would they diffuse into one another as do gases and liquids ? This is a question which as yet has not been answered. Professor Tait and I have been engaged in some experiments on the subject for some time, but the difficulties (chemical and physical) to be overcome are much greater than at first sight appear, and at present we are unable to say definitely whether they do so or not. But I think an answer may be obtained from another source. In some recent experiments I had occasion to have a number of Berlin porcelain crucibles and amorphous carbon in an impalpable powder kept in contact with each other at very high temperatures for from ten to twelve hours, with the following effect, that, although the crucibles did not become fused, but retained their exact original form, yet the carbon found its way to a considerable distance into the crucible, and some of the particles penetrated the crucible throughout. This was not a case, therefore, of fusion and mechanical mixture.

Obituary notices of fellows deceased

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Paternal Grandfather ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Geological Science ◽  
The University

Archibald Smith, only son of James Smith, of Jordanhill, Renfrewshire, was born on the 10th of August, 1813, at Greenhead, Glasgow, in the house where his mother’s father lived. His father, who also was a Fellow of the Royal Society, had literary and scientific tastes with a strongly practical turn, fostered no doubt by his education in the University of Glasgow and his family connexion with some of the chief founders of the great commercial community which has grown up by its side. In published works on various subjects he left enduring monuments of a long life of actively employed leisure. His discovery of different species of Arctic shells, in the course of several years dredging from his yacht, and his inference of a previously existing colder climate in the part of the world now occupied by the British Islands, constituted a remarkable and important advancement of Geological Science. In his 'Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul,’ a masterly application of the principles of practical seamanship renders St. Luke’s narrative more thoroughly intelligible to us now than it can have been to contemporary readers not aided by nautical knowledge. Later he published a ‘Dissertation on the Origin and Connexion of the Gospels;’ and he was engaged in the collection of further materials for the elucidation of the same subject up to the time of his death, at the age of eighty-five. Archibald Smith’s mother was also of a family distinguished for intellectual activity. Her paternal grandfather was Dr. Andrew Wilson, Professor of Astronomy in the University of Glasgow, whose speculations on the constitution of the sun are now generally accepted, especially since the discovery of spectrum-analysis and its application to solar physics. Her uncle, Dr. Patrick Wilson, who succeeded to his father’s Chair in the University, was author of papers in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ on Meteorology and on Aberration.

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