ACCOUNTING REPRESENTATION AND THE SLAVE TRADE: THE GUIDE DU COMMERCE OF GAIGNAT DE L'AULNAIS

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl S. McWatters ◽  
Yannick Lemarchand
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Real World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
French Language ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Language Literature

The Guide du commerce occupies a distinctive place in the French-language literature on accounting. Passed over by most specialists in the history of maritime trade and the slave trade, the manual has never been the subject of a documented historical study. The apparent realism of the examples, the luxury of details and their precision, all bear witness to a deep concern to go beyond a simple apprenticeship in bookkeeping. Promoting itself essentially as “un guide du commerce,” the volume offers strategic examples for small local businesses, as well as for those engaged in international trade. Yet, the realism also demonstrated the expertise of the author in the eyes of potential purchasers. Inspired by the work of Bottin [2001], we investigate the extent to which the manual reflects real-world practices and provides a faithful glimpse into the socio-economic context of the period. Two additional questions are discussed briefly in our conclusion. First, can the work of Gaignat constitute a source document for the history of la traite négrière? The second entails our early deliberations about the place of this volume in the history of the slave trade itself.

Contested Encounters

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-262
Author(s):  
Karen L. Harris
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Secondary English ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
English Language Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This article focuses on China’s initial encounter with the African continent from the perspective of a select literature overview. It reflects on the very earliest contacts between dynastic China and ancient Africa and shows that the current contestation in the Western media as well as literature over this more recent contact is not new. Given the dearth and disparate nature of the information on these first encounters, it does this through the lens of what has been written on the subject of the speculated first contact in a selection of secondary English-language literature. It does so by considering the prevalence of such literature in three distinct periods: prior to 1949; from 1950 to 1990; and a selection of research published thereafter. It shows that China’s encounter with Africa reaches far back into the history of the continent, but more importantly so does the volatile contestation surrounding the contemporary contact.

To Bear Witness After the Era of the Witness

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
Donald Reid
Keyword(s):  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bear Witness

This essay examines how two French individuals in the third generation of Holocaust victims/survivors, Christophe Boltanski and Ivan Jablonka, research and present their grandparents and how they challenge contemporary memory culture. Their works differ in their ambitions and the strategies used to achieve them, but both Boltanski and Jablonka take the most disrespected of historical genres, the history of the author’s family, and reveal its potential in an arena where the duty to remember what was done to Jews as a group can obscure the complex individuals who were victims. These forgotten selves and what they reveal about the societies in which they lived are the subject of Boltanski’s and Jablonka’s work. Particular attention is devoted to the Communist parties in Poland and France and the relations of their grandparents to them.

State Formation in Precolonial Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Nonso Obikili
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
The Many

This chapter explores the history of state formation in Nigeria before the colonial era. It explores the various forms that statehood took and the many different factors which influenced how and when states emerged. The chapter examines the importance of geography and its role in decentralized states, the transition to agriculture and the emergence of the Nok culture, international trade and its role in the Kanem-Bornu empire, the importance of military technology in the rise and eventual fall of the Old Oyo empire, and the importance of the transatlantic slave trade. Using different examples, the chapter discusses the mosaic of states across precolonial Nigeria and explores how these factors could have led to their rise and eventual downfall.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Kathryn D. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
To Come ◽  
Law And Humanities

This chapter establishes Blackstone's prominence, discusses his influence on Enlightenment thought about law and justice, and reveals his investment in legal emotions as related to harmonic justice. In a reading of his early poem “The Lawyer's Farewel,” it introduces Blackstone's poetics and illustrates methods of both close and surface reading common to literary analysis. The chapter argues that although Blackstone has been the subject of historical study, both Law and Humanities and history of emotions approaches can further illuminate Blackstone's method and impact. The chapter argues for a curatorial approach to Blackstone's work that takes into account his exercise of affective aesthetics and its impact on the history of emotions in law. It closes with a summary of the chapters to come and an argument in favor of foregrounding aesthetics and emotion in legal studies.

Rafael F. Scharf

2001 ◽  
pp. 406-408
Author(s):  
Sean Martin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Personal Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City ◽  
Language Literature

This chapter takes a look at Rafael F. Scharf's collection of writings. The writings concern the author's own relationship to Poland, various aspects of the history of the Holocaust, and, the subject closest to the author's experience, Kraków. The chapter shows how this book can reveal much about the history of Polish–Jewish relations. Here, the value of Scharf's writings lies in their personal nature. A native of Kraków, Scharf describes Jewish life in the city from the perspective of a middle-class Jew who grew up in the heart of Kazimierz. In recalling the details of his childhood and young adulthood, Scharf emphasizes his connection to the Polish language, literature, and landscape.

Counsellors and Barristers. An Historical Study

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Form

It is rather surprising that no one has yet written a history of the English Bar in its modern form. Although much valuable work has been done on the history of the legal profession, particularly in its earlier stages, and although the history of attorneys and solicitors has been written, little is known about the development of barristers as a branch of the profession and their relations with the other branches. The present article can hardly supply this deficiency, which is a very large one, but it may lay open some aspects of the subject in the hope that more research will follow.

scholarly journals „Skorpion” i „Poza Układem”. Przyczynek do historii trójmiejskiego podziemia wydawniczego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol 11-12 ◽  
pp. 190-204
Author(s):  
Piotr Brzeziński
Keyword(s):  
Historical Study ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Biography ◽  
Informal Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation

Artykuł opisuje podziemną działalność wydawniczą grupy osób skupionych wokół Joanny i Andrzeja Gwiazdów w latach osiemdziesiątych XX wieku oraz historię tworzonych przez nich pism „Skorpion” i „Poza Układem”. Autor opisuje genezę i funkcjonowanie obu pism, analizuje ich linię programową i przybliża treść wybranych artykułów. Tekst oparty jest na archiwalnych egzemplarzach pism i na relacjach osób zaangażowanych w ich powstawanie. To pierwsze opracowanie historyczne na ten temat, a także przyczynek do – przygotowywanej przez Piotra Brzezińskiego – biografii politycznej Joanny i Andrzeja Gwiazdów. The article describes the underground publishing activities of an informal group gathered around Joanna and Andrzej Gwiazda in the 1980s and the history of the magazines they created: “Skorpion” and “Poza Układem” (“Outside the System”). The author describes the genesis and functioning of both magazines, analyses their programme and introduces the content of selected articles. The text is based on archival copies of the periodicals and on the accounts of people involved in the creation of them. This is the first historical study on the subject, as well as a contribution to the political biography of Joanna and Andrzej Gwiazda prepared by Piotr Brzeziński.

scholarly journals Folklore Archive and Historical Reality (Based on the Archive Materials of the Institute of Language, Literature and History, Karelian Research Centre RAS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-357
Author(s):  
Valentina P. Kuznetsova ◽  
Elena V. Markovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Language Literature

The paper discusses the content of one of the largest folklore archives in Russia belonging to the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Systematic work of collecting folklore, carried out for more than 100 years, contributed to the creation of archives reflecting the historical events of an entire era. In the 1930s a new historical period began, giving life to the new forms of epic art — the so-called “novinas,” held in the Archive. During the Great World War, prisoners of the Finnish concentration camps created the so-called pieces of camp folklore, reviving the genre of lamentation. In the postwar period, researches were urged to deal with “Soviet” folklore, and not with the “frozen” forms of folk art. The archival materials collected among the representatives of deported people — Ingrian Finns — bear witness of the historical time. In the second half of the 20th century ideological pressure in the folkloristic studies continued, as superstitions and prejudices were sought to be eradicated, and the collection of folklore reflecting folk religious beliefs was not welcomed.

scholarly journals Migration and Its Discontents: A Postcolonial Rendering of NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Mamadou Abdou Babou Ngom
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Painful Experience ◽  
Migratory Experience ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
History Of Race

This research paper is my attempt, through a blow-by-blow analysis of a fictional work of a rising star in postcolonial writing, to grapple with the manifold discontents that attend the event of migration. Migration is an astoundingly painful experience to go through, whose multifaceted toll on the subject may be beyond repair. Using NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New names as a stepping-stone, I argue that migration, albeit a time-honoured phenomenon has picked up speed in the twentieth-century and continued into the twenty-first century with a most heavy human toll. The paper emphasizes that even though the act of migration is underpinned by a hope for betterment, it may turn out to be a damp squid. No end of landmines and hiccups dot the migratory journey. The long-suffering postcolonial subject, hallmarked by the stifling strictures of marginality owing to a long history of race-based oppression that stretches back to the gruesome eras of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and colonization, is on the receiving end of the horrors of migration. I tap into key terms in postcolonial theory cum sociology-informed perspectives to make a valid point about the dehumanizing fallout from the migratory experience.

The Domestic Slave Trade in Sixteenth-Century Mexico

1968 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Brady
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Domestic Trade ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Detail

The International slave trade which developed between the African slave depots and Spanish America during the sixteenth century has been the subject of several significant studies. These indicate in considerable detail the origins of the slave trade, the sources from which Negro slaves were obtained, and the historical development of the commerce within the Spanish imperial system. There emerges a broad view of the flow of human merchandize, in generally increasing volume, across the Atlantic and of the increasing refinement of its regulation. Other studies of mining, agricultural and pastoral occupations, the encomienda, and the urban guild system reveal the utilization of the Negro slaves as a labor force in New Spain. The distribution of the slaves among the various occupations resulted in a dispersion which makes classification by type of work or location tenuous. This combination of a unified pattern of international trade and a disparate utilization of the slaves suggests an area of fruitful investigation. That area is the domestic trade by which the slaves arriving at the ports of New Spain ultimately reached the consumers who used their labor.

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