Option Acceleration in Response to SFAS No. 123(R)

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Balsam ◽  
Austin L. Reitenga ◽  
Jennifer Yin
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Return ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Firm Profitability

As of February 28, 2006, 958 publicly held companies accelerated the vesting of some or all of their employee stock options in advance of adopting SFAS No. 123(R). In doing so, these companies, on average, avoided $11.3 (8.4) million in pretax (after tax) expense, which represented 42 percent of prior year income. Investors, in general, react positively to acceleration announcements as we find an average cumulative abnormal return of about one-half of 1 percent for the three-day window (−1,1) surrounding the announcement, with the reaction positively associated with the expense reduction that resulted from the acceleration, the declaration by the firm that the options accelerated are out of the money, return on assets, and firm size. Additionally, we find that the decision to accelerate is positively associated with our estimate of the future expense related to unvested options; that is, the expense avoided because of the acceleration. In contrast, the intrinsic value of unvested options; that is, the expense that would have to be recognized at the time of acceleration, firm profitability, and firm size (i.e., political visibility) are negatively associated with the decision to accelerate. We interpret these results to indicate that managers consider the costs, as well as the benefits, in deciding whether to accelerate. Overall we conclude that while accelerated vesting may be motivated by expense avoidance, it appears to be beneficial to equity investors as evidenced by the positive abnormal returns associated with the announcement of the acceleration and the fact that abnormal returns are positively associated with the expense avoided via acceleration.

scholarly journals Reaksi Pasar Terhadap Pengumuman Pergantian CEO di Bursa Efek Indonesia

2018 ◽  
pp. 2430
Author(s):  
I Kadek Diky Agusnawan ◽  
Dewa Gede Wirama
Keyword(s):  
Event Study ◽  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Ceo Turnover ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Return ◽  
Event Study Method

Announcement of CEO turnover indicates a change in company management in order to improve company performance. The purpose of this study is to test whether the capital market reacts to CEO turnover announcements. This study uses event study method and the sample was selected purposively. The research sample consisted of 79 companies listed in the IDX. Based on the results of the analysis it is found that there are no abnormal returns around the CEO turnover announcement. The results shows that there is no information content in the CEO turnover announcement. The results of this study is consistent with the research of Warner et al., (1998) and Setiawan (2008). The results of the study is not consistent with the research of Weisbach (1988), Kang and Shivdasani (1996), Derment-Ferere and Renneboog (2000), Bahtera (2017). Keywords: Chief executive officer, cumulative abnormal return, market reaction

scholarly journals Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures and Financial Information Against Abnormal Return (Empirical studies on food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2013 - 2017)

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suroto Suroto ◽  
Ch. Asta Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Insignificant Effect ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Corporate Social

<p>This study aims to find empirical evidence of the effect of disclosure of corporate social responsibility and financial information proxied by accounting profits and return on assets to abnormal returns in food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing companies. The population in this study are all companies whose shares are consistently incorporated in the food and beverage sub-sector during the study period. The data used is secondary data in the form of annual reports. The statistical test used to test the hypothesis is panel data regression with a random effect model.</p><p>The results of this study indicate that disclosure of corporate social responsibility has a negative and insignificant effect on abnormal returns, accounting earnings have a negative and insignificant effect on abnormal returns and return on assets have a positive and significant effect on abnormal returns.</p><p>Keywords: corporate social responsibility, accounting profit, return on assets and abnormal return.</p>

scholarly journals The effect of enforcement intensity on illegal insider trading volume: the case of Taiwan

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Han-Ching Huang ◽  
Jung-Tzu Chang
Keyword(s):  
Insider Trading ◽  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Return ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Returns

In this paper, the authors examine the illegal insider trading volume and cumulative abnormal return by the relative variables of the amendment, the change of the securities price, the number of defendants, the penalty and the fine for insider who committed a crime, and the quality of concealed important information. Illegal insider trading is prohibited by the article 157-1 of Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan. It has been amended three times to provide a sound and rigorous law and completely protect investors. The authors examine the illegal insider trading volume after the amendment to explore whether the Securities and Exchange Act is efficient enough to lower illegal insider trading. The authors find that the change of the securities price and the quality of concealed important information are the critical factors which affect the illegal insider trading volume and cumulative abnormal returns. Nevertheless, the relative variables of the amendment do not show significant effects

Do Stock-Based Compensation Deferred Tax Assets Provide Incremental Information about Future Tax Payments?

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Johnston ◽  
Lisa Kutcher
Keyword(s):  
Stock Options ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Deferred Tax Assets ◽  
Incremental Information ◽  
Restricted Stock ◽  
Tax Payments ◽  
Deferred Tax ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT We explore whether an accounting treatment similar to that required under IFRS improves the ability of the stock-based compensation component of deferred tax assets to predict future tax payments, relative to U.S. GAAP. Using hand-collected data for S&P 500 firms, we estimate the deferred tax assets related to employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stock units (RSUs). We find that the RSU deferred tax asset is negatively related to future cash tax payments, while we fail to find that the ESO deferred tax asset is. However, after reducing the ESO and RSU deferred tax assets by their corresponding estimated impairments, we find that both variables are negatively associated with future tax payments. Additional analysis provides evidence that supports the conjecture that using a revaluation approach to account for stock-based compensation deferred tax assets may be more useful in predicting future tax cash flows, relative to current U.S. GAAP. JEL Classifications: H25; M41.

scholarly journals Does Corporate Control Transactions’ Type and Focus really Create Value? Evidence from an Emerging Market

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-223
Author(s):  
Ari Warokka ◽  
Juan Jose Duran Herrera .
Keyword(s):  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Corporate Control ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Return ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

The failure of corporate-control transactions as strategic-oriented transactions to create significant values for their stockholders has triggered the management to deal with these phenomena by setting the right and best strategies and at the same time, to ensure company's growth in the future. This study tests empirically the implication of corporate-control transaction announcement on companies’ abnormal returns. Particularly, this study investigates the effect of the announcement of corporate-control transactions’ type (merger and acquisition, sell-off, joint venture, alliance) and focus (transformative or expansionist). It used the event study of 94 corporate-control transactions, which contains of transactions’ type and focus of during 1991-2001 periods. By using multivariate regression analysis, the results show that the announcement of corporate-control transactions significant and positively influence the cumulative abnormal return. Meanwhile, the announcement of the corporate-control transactions’ type and focus does not significantly influence stockholders' benefit. Generally, the characteristic of the independent and control variables in this study due to their implications to cumulative abnormal return are in-line with previous studies. In addition, this study has proven that the characteristic of investors in Indonesia's stock markets are very different with the ones in many other places like Europe or United States. In other words, this reflects the unstable and inefficiency of Indonesia's stock market as an emerging market.

scholarly journals Using Sectoral Indexes to Discount the Exercise Price of Employee Stock Options

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-185
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Majewska
Keyword(s):  
Stock Price ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
Strike Price ◽  
Exercise Price

Abstract Employee stock options (ESOs) are an instrument in compensating top management of corporations. In the literature, they are described as a variable component of remuneration of a long-term character (Borkowska, 2012). There are six characteristic elements of the ESO: a grant date, the ESO plan duration, employees entitled to receive options, vesting criteria, a vesting period, and an exercise price. The article refers to the exercise price. The remuneration of employees is determined by the option’s intrinsic value, i.e. the difference between the current stock price and the exercise price. This difference affects the costs incurred by a company in relation with their incentive stock option plan. In this connection, the exercise price of stock options needs to be analysed. The literature shows that usually the strike price is equal to the stock market’s value at the time the option is granted. The options issued with an exercise price equal to the market value of the company’s stock on the date of the grant usually lead to at-the-money options. Walker (2009) mentions that almost all options issued by US firms have been such type of options. Hence, the options with exercise prices less than the prices of the underlying assets have been rarely observed. One of the solutions can be discounting the exercise price by using sectoral indexes, which are sensitive to changes on a particular market. The purpose of this paper is to address several aspects of specifying the exercise price in ESOs. The research shows how sector indexes can be used to discount it. Using sectoral indexes in determining the exercise price can partly limit the unreasonably high profits from the ESO. The literature does not provide ready-made formulas of exercise prices based on specific variables. The aim of the research is to present and apply the formula of the exercise prices in which sectoral indices are used to discount. The data are from the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) and include those companies that revealed the information concerning their incentive programs in 1999–2013. The relevant data come from annual reports, current reports, supervisory boards’ resolutions, and press announcements.

Reaksi Pasar Modal terhadap Peritiwa Pengeboman Gereja di Surabaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Agustina ◽  
Hadi Sumarsono ◽  
Edi Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Return ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Volume Activity ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Church

This study aims to examine the extent of the capital market reaction in the form of cumulative abnormal returns and cumulative trading volume activity from the bombing of the Church in Surabaya 13 May 2018 both in 3 Manufacturing Sectors and as a whole Manufacturing Companies. This study involved 97 Manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. The results showed that there was a significant difference between cumulative abnormal return 2 days before and 2 days after the bombing of the Church in Surabaya May 13, 2018 in the Miscellaneous Industry Sector and Basic and Chemical Industries, while the Consumer Goods Sector there was no significant cumulative abnormal return difference. The results also showed that there was a significant difference between cumulative trading volume activity 2 days before and 2 days after the bombing of the Church in Surabaya May 13, 2018 in the Consumer Goods Sector and the Basic and Chemical Industry Sector, while in the Various Industry Sector there was no difference in cumulative trading significant volume of activity. Meanwhile, the overall Manufacturing Company results showed that there was a significant difference between cumulative abnormal return and cumulative trading volume activity 2 days before and 2 days after the bombing of the Church in Surabaya 13 May 2018.

Strategic Public Shaming: Evidence from Chinese Antitrust Investigations

2019 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 174-195
Author(s):  
Angela Huyue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
National Development ◽  
Event Studies ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Return ◽  
Event Window ◽  
Market Capitalization

AbstractThis article examines strategic public shaming, a novel form of regulatory tactics employed by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) during its enforcement of the Anti-Monopoly Law. Based on analysis of media coverage and interview findings, the study finds that the way that the NDRC disclosed its investigation is highly strategic depending on the firm's co-operative attitude towards the investigation. Event studies further show that the NDRC's proactive disclosure resulted in significantly negative abnormal returns of the stock prices of the firm subject to the disclosure. For instance, Biostime, an infant-formula manufacturer investigated in 2013, experienced −22 per cent cumulative abnormal return in a three-day event window, resulting in a loss of market capitalization that is 27 times the antitrust fine that it ultimately received. The NDRC's strategic public shaming might therefore result in severe market sanctions that deter firms from defying the agency.

scholarly journals Employee Stock Options And Diluted Earnings Per Share

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Doran
Keyword(s):  
Stock Price ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Earnings Per Share ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Period Model

At the time of this writing, SFAS No.123 (1995) prescribes GAAP in accounting for employee stock options.  It allows firms to choose either the intrinsic or fair value method in determining the amount of compensation expense recognized for employee stock options.  The choice of method affects the numerator of the earnings per share (EPS) calculation.   The FASB recently issued a revised SFAS No. 123 (2004) which will require uniform application of the fair value method.  GAAP also requires that the denominator for the diluted EPS calculation be increased for incremental shares under the treasury stock method.  SFAS 128 requires the treasury stock method be applied where the proceeds from the assumed exercise of options are used to acquire shares of the firm’s outstanding stock at the average market price for the period.  Previous to SFAS No. 128, APB Opinion No. 15 required that the higher of average or period ending stock price be used in determining the number of shares reacquired with the proceeds from the assumed exercise of stock options.  This paper develops a simple one period model that assumes a risk free environment with complete certainty conditions in testing the accuracy of EPS calculated under GAAP using the fair value method vs. the intrinsic value method.   The results indicate that EPS reported under the intrinsic value method are overstated, and further indicate that a combination of both the fair value method and the treasury stock method is needed in calculating diluted EPS.  This fair value and treasury stock method combination is shown to not “double count” the stock option’s impact upon EPS.  The results also indicate a slight misstatement of diluted EPS under the fair value method when applying the treasury stock method requirements of SFAS No. 128.  Correct EPS results when shares are assumed reacquired for the treasury at the higher year ending price, consistent with superseded APB 15.  However, the diluted EPS misstatement is so slight that the FASB’s rationale for always requiring the use of average period price seems likely to be justified.  The findings of this research support the requirements of SFAS No. 123 (revised 2004) and SFAS No. 128.

scholarly journals How is Size Related to Profitability? Post-Consolidation Evidence from Selected Banks in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funso Kolapo ◽  
Lawrence Ajayi ◽  
Olufemi Aluko
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Bank Profitability ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Data Regression ◽  
Firm Profitability ◽  
The Relationship

It is theoretically believed that increase in firm size would result to increase in firm profitability. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between size and profitability of six banks in Nigeria after the 2005 consolidation exercise. The measure of profitability is return on assets. Employing the static panel data regression method, the study found that size has an insignificant negative relationship with bank profitability. This study concludes that the 2005 consolidation exercise did not enhance the profitability of the selected banks.

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