Epidemiology and Molecular Biology of Colorectal Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Sammour ◽  
Miguel A Rodriguez-Bigas
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Familial Cancer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Key Words Colon Cancer ◽  
Serrated Carcinoma ◽  
Red Meats

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, male sex, African-American ethnicity, and personal or family history of CRC or polyps (especially if these were diagnosed at a younger age), inflammatory bowel disease, or diabetes. Modifiable risk factors include poor physical activity; obesity; high consumption of red meats, processed meats, or alcohol; low total dietary intake of fiber, folate, fruits, or vegetables; and smoking tobacco. There have been several advances in diagnostic techniques, which, when combined with newly discovered genetic pathways, contribute to an expanding knowledge on which to base treatment. There are three known major molecular pathways of CRC carcinogenesis: the chromosomal instability pathway, the microsatellite instability pathway, and the serrated carcinoma pathway. Approximately 5% of all CRC cases will have a specific known genetic mutation associated with a well-characterized familial cancer syndrome with defined features. These syndromes are important to recognize distinctly as their identification facilitates surveillance and management with the aim of prevention, prophylaxis, and surgical cure. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables and 50 references.  Key words: colon cancer, colorectal cancer, familial, familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, microsatellite, polyp, polyposis, rectal cancer, serrated

Epidemiology and Molecular Biology of Colorectal Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Sammour ◽  
Miguel A Rodriguez-Bigas
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Familial Cancer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Key Words Colon Cancer ◽  
Serrated Carcinoma ◽  
Red Meats

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, male sex, African-American ethnicity, and personal or family history of CRC or polyps (especially if these were diagnosed at a younger age), inflammatory bowel disease, or diabetes. Modifiable risk factors include poor physical activity; obesity; high consumption of red meats, processed meats, or alcohol; low total dietary intake of fiber, folate, fruits, or vegetables; and smoking tobacco. There have been several advances in diagnostic techniques, which, when combined with newly discovered genetic pathways, contribute to an expanding knowledge on which to base treatment. There are three known major molecular pathways of CRC carcinogenesis: the chromosomal instability pathway, the microsatellite instability pathway, and the serrated carcinoma pathway. Approximately 5% of all CRC cases will have a specific known genetic mutation associated with a well-characterized familial cancer syndrome with defined features. These syndromes are important to recognize distinctly as their identification facilitates surveillance and management with the aim of prevention, prophylaxis, and surgical cure. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables and 50 references.  Key words: colon cancer, colorectal cancer, familial, familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, microsatellite, polyp, polyposis, rectal cancer, serrated

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding Lynch syndrome

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherief Shawki ◽  
Matthew F. Kalady
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Lynch Syndrome ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Dna Mismatch ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Risk Patients

Colorectal cancer affects about 4.4% of the population and is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Approximately 10% to 20% of cases occur within a familial pattern, and Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. Lynch syndrome is a hereditary predisposition to forming colorectal and extracolonic cancers, caused by a germline mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair genes. Identifying at-risk patients and making a correct diagnosis are the keys to successful screening and interventions which will decrease formation of and death from cancers. Knowledge of the genetics and the natural history of Lynch syndrome has continued to be uncovered in recent years, leading to a better grasp on how these patients and their families should be managed. Recent developments include the approach to diagnostic testing, more precise definitions of the syndrome and risk stratification based on gene mutations, surgical decision-making, and chemoprevention.

scholarly journals Mo1788 – Prevalence and Risk Factors of First-Ever Occurrence of Colorectal Cancer Post Diverticulitis in Adults in the United States Between 2013 and 2018: A Population-Based National Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. S-837-S-838
Author(s):  
Emad Mansoor ◽  
Chiara Maruggi ◽  
Mohannad Abou Saleh ◽  
Gerard A. Isenberg ◽  
Richard C. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
National Study

Risk of colonic adenoma in patients with non–colorectal cancers.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13070-e13070
Author(s):  
Hamzah Abu-Sbeih ◽  
Faisal Ali ◽  
Wei Qiao ◽  
Phillip Lum ◽  
Mehnaz Shafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colonic Adenoma ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Adenoma Detection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

e13070 Background: In the last two decades, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has decreased dramatically after the implementation of CRC screening in the United States. Several risk factors for colonic adenoma (CA), the main precursor for CRC, have been found. Whether personal history of non-colorectal cancer (NCRC) is a risk factor for CA has not been studied. Here, we assess the risk of CA in patients with NCRCs. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of cancer patients who underwent colonoscopy after cancer diagnosis between 2009 and 2018. We included patients without history of NCRC as a control group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess independent risk factors for CA (Table 1). Results: Total of 9408 patients with NCRC were included; CA was detected in 4503 (48%). Histology revealed tubulovillous features in 611 (14%) patients and villous in 51 (1%). High grade dysplasia was detected in 1,317 (29%) patients and adenocarcinoma in 388 (9%). The rate of adenocarcinoma was the highest in patients with multiple myeloma (14%). Adenoma detection rate (ADR) was 30% in patients younger than 40 years ( n= 1621), 32% in patients between 40 and 50 years ( n= 812), 47% in patients between 50 and 60 years ( n= 2892), and 55% in patients older than 60 years ( n= 4493). Multivariate analysis revealed an increased risk of CA with old age, male sex, family history of CRC, and high body mass index ( P< 0.05). The median time from NCRC diagnosis to CA detection was 3 years (IQR 1-8). Conclusions: ADR in patients with a personal history of NCRC is higher than the ADR of patients without NCRC. CRC screening should be performed after the diagnosis of NCRC is made, even if it was before the standard threshold of CRC screening age of 50 years.[Table: see text]

scholarly journals POT1 mutation spectrum in tumour types commonly diagnosed among POT1-associated hereditary cancer syndrome families

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 664-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Shen ◽  
Joanne Xiu ◽  
Giselle Y Lopez ◽  
Rex Bentley ◽  
Ali Jalali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Mutation Frequency ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Familial Cancer ◽  
Malignant Gliomas ◽  
Hereditary Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Telomere Elongation ◽  
Telomere Lengthening ◽  
Regulate Telomere Length

BackgroundThe shelterin complex is composed of six proteins that protect and regulate telomere length, including protection of telomeres 1 (POT1). Germline POT1 mutations are associated with an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome presenting with diverse malignancies, including glioma, angiosarcoma, colorectal cancer and melanoma. Although somatic POT1 mutations promote telomere elongation and genome instability in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, the contribution of POT1 mutations to development of other sporadic cancers is largely unexplored.MethodsWe performed logistic regression, adjusted for tumour mutational burden, to identify associations between POT1 mutation frequency and tumour type in 62 368 tumours undergoing next-generation sequencing.ResultsA total of 1834 tumours harboured a non-benign mutation of POT1 (2.94%), of which 128 harboured a mutation previously reported to confer familial cancer risk in the setting of germline POT1 deficiency. Angiosarcoma was 11 times more likely than other tumours to harbour a POT1 mutation (p=1.4×10−20), and 65% of POT1-mutated angiosarcoma had >1 mutations in POT1. Malignant gliomas were 1.7 times less likely to harbour a POT1 mutation (p=1.2×10−3) than other tumour types. Colorectal cancer was 1.2 times less likely to harbour a POT1 mutation (p=0.012), while melanoma showed no differences in POT1 mutation frequency versus other tumours (p=0.67).ConclusionsThese results confirm a role for shelterin dysfunction in angiosarcoma development but suggest that gliomas arising in the context of germline POT1 deficiency activate a telomere-lengthening mechanism that is uncommon in gliomagenesis.

scholarly journals Geographic determinants of colorectal cancer in Louisiana

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Danos ◽  
Claudia Leonardi ◽  
Xiao-Cheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
French Speaking

Abstract Purpose Currently, rural residents in the United States (US) experience a greater cancer burden for tobacco-related cancers and cancers that can be prevented by screening. We aim to characterize geographic determinants of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in Louisiana due to rural residence and other known geographic risk factors, area socioeconomic status (SES), and cultural region (Acadian or French-speaking). Methods Primary colorectal cancer diagnosed among adults 30 years and older in 2008–2017 were obtained from the Louisiana Tumor Registry. Population and social and economic data were obtained from US Census American Community Survey. Rural areas were defined using US Department of Agriculture 2010 rural–urban commuting area codes. Estimates of relative risk (RR) were obtained from multilevel binomial regression models of incidence. Results The study population was 16.1% rural, 18.4% low SES, and 17.9% Acadian. Risk of CRC was greater among rural white residents (RR Women: 1.09(1.02–1.16), RR Men: 1.11(1.04–1.18)). Low SES was associated with increased CRC for all demographic groups, with excess risk ranging from 8% in Black men (RR: 1.08(1.01–1.16)) to 16% in white men (RR: 1.16(1.08–1.24)). Increased risk in the Acadian region was greatest for Black men (RR: 1.21(1.10–1.33)) and women (RR: 1.21(1.09–1.33)). Rural–urban disparities in CRC were no longer significant after controlling for SES and Acadian region. Conclusion SES remains a significant determinant of CRC disparities in Louisiana and may contribute to observed rural–urban disparities in the state. While the intersectionality of CRC risk factors is complex, we have confirmed a robust regional disparity for the Acadian region of Louisiana.

scholarly journals Colorectal cancer screening and prevention: A brief review of the current guidelines and modalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 097-103
Author(s):  
Ashan T Hatharasinghe ◽  
Ike R Ogbu ◽  
Abdul G Gheriani ◽  
George A Trad ◽  
Andre E Manov
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Fecal Occult ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Screening And Prevention

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a frequently addressed topic in primary care. Recent studies have been published detailing modifiable risk factors for CRC, as well as preventative measures. Providers must be up to date on screening recommendations and modalities. Colonoscopy is the preferred method of screening for CRC, and the screening recommendations in the United States were recently updated in 2020. It is also common for the practitioner to encounter patients who refuse colonoscopy but are willing to undergo alternative methods of testing. The COVID pandemic has also placed a burden on hospital resources, and colonoscopy may not be logistically feasible in some healthcare settings. Therefore, awareness of the guidelines for the various alternative modalities, along with their respective guidelines for frequency of screening is critical. This article provides a brief review of the risk factors associated with colon cancer, the screening modalities (including colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, CT colonography, fecal immunohistochemical testing (FIT), guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT), multi target stool DNA testing (MTs-DNA), and others) and the most recent screening recommendations for the general population.

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