Pediatric Infectious Diarrhea and Dehydration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Martel ◽  
Scott McCorvey
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Outpatient Visits ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Health Organization

Diarrhea is a common emergency department (ED) complaint, leading to more than 1.5 million outpatient visits and 200,000 hospital admissions in the United States alone. Although concomitant dehydration also exists in some cases, there are no standard clinical criteria to aid in identifying those children who merit intravenous resuscitation. Current pediatric volume repletion guidelines are based primarily on the estimated degree of volume depletion per the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and American Academy of Pediatrics criteria. These practice guidelines stratify patients into mild (3 to 5% volume depletion), moderate (5 to 10% volume depletion), and severe (> 10% volume depletion).  This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 64 references. Key Words: Clostridium difficile, dehydration, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, pediatrics

Pediatric Infectious Diarrhea and Dehydration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Martel ◽  
Scott McCorvey
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Outpatient Visits ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Health Organization

Diarrhea is a common emergency department (ED) complaint, leading to more than 1.5 million outpatient visits and 200,000 hospital admissions in the United States alone. Although concomitant dehydration also exists in some cases, there are no standard clinical criteria to aid in identifying those children who merit intravenous resuscitation. Current pediatric volume repletion guidelines are based primarily on the estimated degree of volume depletion per the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and American Academy of Pediatrics criteria. These practice guidelines stratify patients into mild (3 to 5% volume depletion), moderate (5 to 10% volume depletion), and severe (> 10% volume depletion).  This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 64 references. Key Words: Clostridium difficile, dehydration, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, pediatrics

Pediatric Infectious Diarrhea and Dehydration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Martel ◽  
Scott McCorvey
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bloody Stool ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Infectious Colitis ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Diarrhea is a common emergency department (ED) complaint, leading to more than 1.5 million outpatient visits and 200,000 hospital admissions in the United States alone. Although concomitant dehydration also exists in some cases, there are no standard clinical criteria to aid in identifying those children who merit intravenous resuscitation. Current pediatric volume repletion guidelines are based primarily on the estimated degree of volume depletion per the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and American Academy of Pediatrics criteria. These practice guidelines stratify patients into mild (3 to 5% volume depletion), moderate (5 to 10% volume depletion), and severe (> 10% volume depletion). The vast majority of pediatric patients presenting with nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea suffer from virus-mediated enterocolitis and require no testing or intravenous fluid resuscitation due to the self-limiting nature of these syndromes; rotavirus and Norwalk virus are two of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in both developing and developed countries. Although bacterial pathogens rarely cause infectious colitis, children who present with more severe symptoms, including fever, bloody stool, and significant abdominal discomfort, warrant additional diagnostic evaluation. Obtaining a careful history, including exposures to livestock, well water, travel, and antibiotic use, as well as recent intake of undercooked meat, is key to identifying patients who may be at higher risk for bacteria-mediated illnesses. Tables identify common diarrheal pathogens, diarrheal subtypes, and clinical abnormalities associated with volume depletion and more severe syndromes, such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. This review contains 5 figures, 10 tables, and 80 references. Key words: Clostridium difficile, dehydration, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, pediatrics

Pediatric Infectious Diarrhea and Dehydration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Martel ◽  
Scott McCorvey
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bloody Stool ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Infectious Colitis ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Diarrhea is a common emergency department (ED) complaint, leading to more than 1.5 million outpatient visits and 200,000 hospital admissions in the United States alone. Although concomitant dehydration also exists in some cases, there are no standard clinical criteria to aid in identifying those children who merit intravenous resuscitation. Current pediatric volume repletion guidelines are based primarily on the estimated degree of volume depletion per the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and American Academy of Pediatrics criteria. These practice guidelines stratify patients into mild (3 to 5% volume depletion), moderate (5 to 10% volume depletion), and severe (> 10% volume depletion). The vast majority of pediatric patients presenting with nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea suffer from virus-mediated enterocolitis and require no testing or intravenous fluid resuscitation due to the self-limiting nature of these syndromes; rotavirus and Norwalk virus are two of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in both developing and developed countries. Although bacterial pathogens rarely cause infectious colitis, children who present with more severe symptoms, including fever, bloody stool, and significant abdominal discomfort, warrant additional diagnostic evaluation. Obtaining a careful history, including exposures to livestock, well water, travel, and antibiotic use, as well as recent intake of undercooked meat, is key to identifying patients who may be at higher risk for bacteria-mediated illnesses. Tables identify common diarrheal pathogens, diarrheal subtypes, and clinical abnormalities associated with volume depletion and more severe syndromes, such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 79 references. Key words: Clostridium difficile, dehydration, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, pediatrics

scholarly journals Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateo Cortes Rivera ◽  
Claudio Mastronardi ◽  
Claudia Silva-Aldana ◽  
Mauricio Arcos-Burgos ◽  
Brett Lidbury
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown aetiology that is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) as a disorder of the brain. The disease predominantly affects adults, with a peak age of onset of between 20 and 45 years with a female to male ratio of 3:1. Although the clinical features of the disease have been well established within diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of ME/CFS is still of exclusion, meaning that other medical conditions must be ruled out. The pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear but the neuro-immuno-endocrinological pattern of CFS patients gleaned from various studies indicates that these three pillars may be the key point to understand the complexity of the disease. At the moment, there are no specific pharmacological therapies to treat the disease, but several studies’ aims and therapeutic approaches have been described in order to benefit patients’ prognosis, symptomatology relief, and the recovery of pre-existing function. This review presents a pathophysiological approach to understanding the essential concepts of ME/CFS, with an emphasis on the population, clinical, and genetic concepts associated with ME/CFS.

Keeping the flu at bay: Methods for detecting and containing infectious disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Atresha Karra, JD ◽  
Emily Cornette, JD
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

This article focuses on the existing methods for tracking and restricting the spread of communicable diseases, both within United States borders and across nations. It will first describe the roles played by the United States’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization and will then explore how communicable diseases across the world are identified and monitored. This will be followed by a discussion of US and world reporting requirements and methods. Finally, the article will discuss the tactics used by the United States to control the spread of disease.

scholarly journals The COVID States Project #75: Attitudes toward COVID-19 boosters before and after Omicron

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy H. Perlis ◽  
Matthew Baum ◽  
Kristin Lunz Trujillo ◽  
David Lazer ◽  
Alauna Safarpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
To Receive

Recognizing that the protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccines may wane over time, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has encouraged adults in the United States to receive booster shots that can augment their immunity to the virus. While the Biden administration sought to encourage all adults to receive boosters, the CDC initially authorized the shots only for higher-risk individuals. Subsequently, authorization was broadened to all adults, although only higher-risk individuals were encouraged to pursue boosters. Most recently, after substantial criticism, the CDC changed its language to encourage all adults to receive boosters.But regardless of the language, are US adults sufficiently convinced to seek booster shots? Will the same factors that contributed to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccine resistance impact booster shots? The answers may have profound public health implications as the US enters the season during which respiratory viruses typically have the greatest impact, and the highly-transmissible Omicron variant rapidly becomes the dominant form of COVID-19, after being labeled a variant of concern by the World Health Organization on November 26th.Between November 3rd and December 3rd, 2021, the COVID States Project asked 22,277 adults in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia about their attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19. In particular, we asked about whether people are vaccinated or intend to be vaccinated, and whether they had sought booster shots or intend to seek a booster shot. In this brief report, we examine attitudes toward COVID-19 booster shots, and whether they differ across particular groups of people. Since the survey was ongoing when news about Omicron emerged in the US, we also take an initial look at whether these attitudes have begun to shift along with perceptions of the threat posed by COVID-19 subsequent to the November 26th announcement.

scholarly journals The Current Status of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Prevalence in the MENA Region: A Systematic Review

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Al Mana ◽  
Yassine ◽  
Younes ◽  
Al-Mohannadi ◽  
Al-Sadeq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), CMV infects people of all ages, and by the age of five, approximately one-third of children in the United States are infected. Although the infection is generally asymptomatic, it can cause severe disease in immunocompromised patients, transplant and transfusion recipients, as well as newborn neonates. The objective of this study is to systematically review published literature on CMV in the MENA region to estimate its incidence in the region and describe its epidemiological and clinical significance. The literature was searched through four scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. A total of 72 studies from 11 countries satisfied the inclusion criteria, covering a period from 1988–2019. The CMV IgG seroprevalence ranged from 8.7%–99.2% (SD = 38.95%). CMV incidence in these countries ranged between 1.22% and 77% in transplant and transfusion recipients, with an increase in incidence with advanced age. However, the incidence rate was unclear for congenital CMV due to the variability of the reporting. This review highlights the need for more robust and well-designed studies to better estimate CMV incidence in the MENA region, standardize diagnostic criteria, and consider prophylactic and pre-emptive treatments to limit the morbidity and mortality of the disease.

scholarly journals Global seasonal influenza mortality estimates: a comparison of three different approaches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Cozza ◽  
Harry Campbell ◽  
Howard H Chang ◽  
A Danielle Iuliano ◽  
John Paget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Service Research ◽  
Respiratory Mortality ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mortality Estimates

Abstract Prior to updating global influenza-associated mortality estimates, the World Health Organization convened a consultation in July 2017 to understand differences in methodology and implications on results of three influenza mortality projects from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Netherlands Institute for Health Service Research (GLaMOR), and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). The expert panel reviewed estimates and discussed differences in data sources, analysis, and modeling assumptions. We performed a comparison analysis of the estimates. Influenza-associated respiratory death counts were comparable between CDC and GLaMOR; IHME estimate was considerably lower. The greatest country-specific influenza-associated mortality rate fold differences between CDC/IHME and between GLaMOR/IHME estimates were among countries in South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean region. The data envelope used for the calculation was one of the major differences (CDC and GLaMOR: all respiratory deaths; IHME: low respiratory infection deaths). With the assumption that there is only one cause of death for each death, IHME estimates a fraction of the full influenza-associated respiratory mortality that is measured by the other two groups. Wide variability of parameters was observed. Continued coordination between groups could assist with better understanding of methodological differences and new approaches to estimating influenza deaths globally.

scholarly journals Chemical threats in the EU Health Security Programme

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Chemical Threats ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Eu

All projected tasks for the European Commission’s Task Force for Biological and Chemical Attacks (http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph/programmes/bio-terrorism/index_en.html) take both biological and chemical threats into account. The Task Force experts have compiled information from a series of valid lists of toxic threats, from bodies including the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the Australia Group* (AG), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and others. A list of suspicious chemicals and toxins is being finalised by the Task Force, working with their counterparts in the Global Health Security Initiative of the G7+ countries (1).

scholarly journals Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in Breastmilk from 18 Infected Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina D. Chambers ◽  
Paul Krogstad ◽  
Kerri Bertrand ◽  
Deisy Contreras ◽  
Nicole H. Tobin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
World Health ◽  
Retrograde Flow ◽  
Infected Infant ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
The U.S

To The EditorCurrently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization advise that women who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 may choose to breastfeed with appropriate protections to prevent transmission of the virus through respiratory droplets.(1) However, the potential for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 through breastfeeding is currently unknown. To date, case reports on breastmilk samples from a total of 24 SARS-CoV-2-infected women have been published.(2-7) Of those, viral RNA was detected in ten breastmilk samples from four women. In some but not all cases, environmental contamination as the source of the virus or retrograde flow from an infected infant could not be ruled out.

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