Epidemiology of Mental Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Arndt ◽  
Carolyn Turvey
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Psychiatric Epidemiology ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study ◽  
National Comorbidity Study

This review describes the contribution of psychiatric epidemiology to our understanding of the distribution and determinants of psychiatric disorders. First, it describes basic concepts within epidemiology, such as prevalence, incidence, case definition, bias, and confounding, and their specific meaning within psychiatric research. The two basic study designs in epidemiology, cohort and case-control, are then reviewed. This discussion includes a tutorial on how to calculate key measures of association: risk ratio and odds ratio. Major community-based studies in psychiatric epidemiology are then reviewed, focusing on the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, the National Comorbidity Study and the National Comorbidity Study Replication, the National Survey of American Life, the National Latino and Asian American Study of Mental Health, and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The review concludes with a discussion of pharmacoepidemiology and how it is critical to our understanding of the full impact of psychiatric medications postmarketing. In the future, epidemiology will be revolutionized with “big data” collection in both institutional and community settings. Nonetheless, the basic concepts presented in this review will continue to be relevant and critical to drawing sound, evidence-based conclusions about the true nature, correlates, and causes of psychiatric disorders.   This review contains 6 tables, and 63 references. Key words: case-control study, cohort study, community-based studies, measures of association, pharmacoepidemiology, psychiatric epidemiology

Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Psychiatric Epidemiology ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Special Circumstances

This resource provides a general introduction to epidemiological techniques for psychiatric research. As demand grows for evidence based practice in psychiatry, there is increasing use of epidemiological methods for studies into causes, prognosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders, although working in the field of mental health throws up its own particular challenges. This resource explains how to adapt the tried and tested methods used in generic epidemiology to the special circumstances of psychiatric epidemiology.

The use of well controls: an unhealthy practice in psychiatric research

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1127-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schwartz ◽  
E. Susser
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Methodological Principles

BackgroundStudies comparing cases with controls to uncover the causes of psychiatric disorders are common in biological research. The validity of these studies depends upon adherence to the methodological principles underlying the case-control design. However, these principles are often violated. One common practice that violates these principles is the use of well controls. In this paper we describe the bias that it can cause and discuss why the use of well controls leads to invalidity in case-control studies.MethodUsing hypothetical numerical examples we illustrate the consequences of using well controls.ResultsThe results illustrate that the use of well controls can cause substantial bias. In no instance does the use of well controls improve validity.ConclusionsWe conclude that the use of well controls is an unhealthy practice in psychiatric research.

Multilevel interactions and the dappled causal world of psychiatric disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-45
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Christopher Gyngell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Causal Nature ◽  
Philosophical Debates ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Despite substantial advances in our understanding of many somatic diseases, the nature of many psychiatric disorders remains elusive. This chapter shows how an appreciation of the multilevel causal nature of psychiatric disorders can move these debates forward. It first examines the ways in which genetic risk factors interact with environmental factors in the aetiology of depression and substance use disorders. Second, it discusses the implications of these findings for philosophical debates about the nature of psychiatry. It argues that the non-additive relationship between risk factors at different causal levels provides reasons to resist hard reductionist models of psychiatric disorders. Similarly, it argues that psychiatry should resist attempts to base classification schemes on a hard medical model. Instead psychiatry should embrace the fuzzy and complex causal picture that research suggests reflects the true nature of mental illness. The chapter ends by charting a path forward for psychiatric research, based on a rich multilevel framework.

scholarly journals Psychiatric disorders in China: strengths and challenges of contemporary research and clinical services

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Xiao Chang ◽  
Qiyong Gong ◽  
Chunbo Li ◽  
Weihua Yue ◽  
Xin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Clinical Services ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Neuroscience Research

Abstract China accounts for 17% of the global disease burden attributable to mental, neurological and substance use disorders. As a country undergoing profound societal change, China faces growing challenges to reduce the disease burden caused by psychiatric disorders. In this review, we aim to present an overview of progress in neuroscience research and clinical services for psychiatric disorders in China during the past three decades, analysing contributing factors and potential challenges to the field development. We first review studies in the epidemiological, genetic and neuroimaging fields as examples to illustrate a growing contribution of studies from China to the neuroscience research. Next, we introduce large-scale, open-access imaging genetic cohorts and recently initiated brain banks in China as platforms to study healthy brain functions and brain disorders. Then, we show progress in clinical services, including an integration of hospital and community-based healthcare systems and early intervention schemes. We finally discuss opportunities and existing challenges: achievements in research and clinical services are indispensable to the growing funding investment and continued engagement in international collaborations. The unique aspect of traditional Chinese medicine may provide insights to develop a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders. Yet obstacles still remain to promote research quality and to provide ubiquitous clinical services to vulnerable populations. Taken together, we expect to see a sustained advancement in psychiatric research and healthcare system in China. These achievements will contribute to the global efforts to realize good physical, mental and social well-being for all individuals.

scholarly journals Determinants of short birth interval among women in South Gondar, Ethiopia: community-based unmatched case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedefaye Nibret Mihretie ◽  
Fentahun Yenealem Beyene ◽  
Bekalu Getnet Kassa ◽  
Alemu Degu Ayele ◽  
Tewachew Muche Liyeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Short Birth Interval ◽  
South Gondar ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The effect of short birth interval on socio-economic, negative maternal and child health outcomes remains common in developing countries. This study aimed to assess determinants of short birth interval among reproductive age women, who gave birth in health institution for last six-month in South Gondar, Ethiopia 2019. Methods Community-based unmatched case control study design was conducted from February 1 to March 30, 2019. Sample size of 150 was included by simple random sampling technique. The data was collected by semi-structured and pre-tested face to face interviewer-administered questionnaire from selected respondent. The collected data was entered with Epi-Data version 3.1 and analyzed by using SPSS version 23 software. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to examine the association. Odds ratio, 95% CI and P-value < 0.05 were used to determine the statistical association. Result The mean age of the respondents was 32.42 (SD ± 5.14) and 35.12 (SD ± 5.86) for cases and controls, respectively. Mothers not used contraceptives (AOR = 6.29, 95% CI (1.95, 20.24)), participants who had ≤2 alive children (AOR = 5.57, 95% CI (1.47, 21.13)), mothers who breast fed less than 24 months (AOR = 3.42, 95% CI (1.38, 8.46)), husband decision on contraceptives utilization (AOR = 2.69,95% CI (1.05,6.88)) and mothers who did not have history of antenatal care follow up (AOR = 3.52, 95% CI (1.27, 9.75)) were associated with short birth interval. Conclusion The optimum birth spacing plays a vital role in decreasing fertility and the morbidity and mortality of mothers and children. Thus, providing health information on the benefit of breast feeding, follow-up of antenatal care during pregnancy, use of contraceptives after delivery and encouraging mothers to make decisions about their own health and use of contraceptives to optimize birth spacing for rural communities.

scholarly journals Functional neuroimaging in psychiatry

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1387) ◽  
pp. 1359-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia H. Y. Fu ◽  
Philip K. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Functional neuroimaging is one of the most powerful means available for investigating the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we shall focus on the different ways that it can be employed to this end, describing the major findings in the field in the context of different methodological approaches. We will also discuss practical issues that are particular to studying psychiatric disorders and the potential contribution of functional neuroimaging to future psychiatric research.

scholarly journals Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease in a multiethnic community-based case-control study

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 2587-2594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Y. Shino ◽  
Valerie McGuire ◽  
Stephen K. Van Den Eeden ◽  
Caroline M. Tanner ◽  
Rita Popat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Control Study
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