Contouring the Tire Sidewall with Moire

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Standing Waves ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pneumatic Tire ◽  
Normal Operating ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Centrifugal Loading

Abstract Knowledge of the tire sidewall deformation is necessary for accurate modeling of the response of a pneumatic tire to applied forces. An experimental method, the moire fringe technique, is described which permits the contouring of the tire surface under all normal operating conditions. Results are presented for a series of tests which were conducted to determine the tire sidewall deformation due to static loading, centrifugal force, combined vertical and centrifugal loading, and high speed operation (during which standing waves are present in the tire sidewall).

Modernization of a Coal-Discharging Depot

1949 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-172
Author(s):  
G. T. Shoosmith
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Special Form ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Parts ◽  
Normal Operating ◽  
Electrical Control ◽  
First Time

The paper describes the modernization of a coal-discharging depot originally equipped with hydraulic transporters. The steps taken to enable the jetty to withstand a greatly increased loading are given, and the crane rail girders of special fabricated type are described. The relative merits of various types of unloader are discussed, and the reasons given for adopting electric luffing cranes. The principal features of the special electric cranes installed are described, together with the reasons for adopting certain unusual features, and the provisions made for ease of maintenance and interchangeability of mechanical parts. The system of electrical control adopted is described. The design and operation of grabbing cranes is compared with that of normal cargo cranes. The question of load balancing for cranes is considered and calculations given of speed, acceleration and power consumption for similar cranes without any balancing, and with varying degrees of balancing of the load. The effect of varying height of lift on power consumption is shown graphically. The importance of low inertia of the moving parts of high-speed cranes is emphasized, together with comments on the methods which can be adopted to achieve this end. The design of crane ropes and sheaves and the effect of the reverse bending of crane ropes is discussed briefly, and figures are given of rope life with various designs of grabbing cranes. The importance of high rope-diameter/sheave-diameter ratio is stressed. A brief description is given of a special form of crane weighgear used for the first time on the new cranes at the depot. The question of grab design is discussed briefly, with particular reference to coal handling, and results are given of different designs of grabs dealing with various classes of coal under normal operating conditions. An outline is given of the method of erecting the new cranes without interrupting the working of the depot.

Formation of Standing Waves in Radial Tires

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. D. Kwon ◽  
D. C. Prevorsek
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Standing Waves ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Damping Coefficient ◽  
Circular Membrane ◽  
Critical Speeds ◽  
Steel Cord ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Radial tires for automobiles were subjected to high speed rolling under load on a testing wheel to determine the critical speeds at which standing waves started to form. Tires of different makes had significantly different critical speeds. The damping coefficient and mass per unit length of the tire wall were measured and a correlation between these properties and the observed critical speed of standing wave formation was sought through use of a circular membrane model. As expected from the model, desirably high critical speed calls for a high damping coefficient and a low mass per unit length of the tire wall. The damping coefficient is particularly important. Surprisingly, those tire walls that were reinforced with steel cord had higher damping coefficients than did those reinforced with polymeric cord. Although the individual steel filaments are elastic, the interfilament friction is higher in the steel cords than in the polymeric cords. A steel-reinforced tire wall also has a higher density per unit length. The damping coefficient is directly related to the mechanical loss in cyclic deformation and, hence, to the rolling resistance of a tire. The study shows that, in principle, it is more difficult to design a tire that is both fuel-efficient and free from standing waves when steel cord is used than when polymeric cords are used.

scholarly journals Structural assessment of the EU-DEMO WCLL Central Outboard Blanket segment under normal and off-normal operating conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 112350
Author(s):  
Ilenia Catanzaro ◽  
Pietro Arena ◽  
Salvatore Basile ◽  
Gaetano Bongiovì ◽  
Pierluigi Chiovaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Structural Assessment ◽  
Normal Operating ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals The Influence of Carrier Air Preheating on Autoignition of Inline-Injected Hydrogen–Nitrogen Mixtures in Vitiated Air of High Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph A. Schmalhofer ◽  
Peter Griebel ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

The use of highly reactive hydrogen-rich fuels in lean premixed combustion systems strongly affects the operability of stationary gas turbines (GT) resulting in higher autoignition and flashback risks. The present study investigates the autoignition behavior and ignition kernel evolution of hydrogen–nitrogen fuel mixtures in an inline co-flow injector configuration at relevant reheat combustor operating conditions. High-speed luminosity and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in an optically accessible reheat combustor are employed. Autoignition and flame stabilization limits strongly depend on temperatures of vitiated air and carrier preheating. Higher hydrogen content significantly promotes the formation and development of different types of autoignition kernels: More autoignition kernels evolve with higher hydrogen content showing the promoting effect of equivalence ratio on local ignition events. Autoignition kernels develop downstream a certain distance from the injector, indicating the influence of ignition delay on kernel development. The development of autoignition kernels is linked to the shear layer development derived from global experimental conditions.

Feasibility of High Speed Furnace Drawing of Optical Fibers

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Cheng ◽  
Yogesh Jaluria
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flow Instability ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Domain Boundary ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Furnace Temperature ◽  
Fiber Drawing ◽  
Heated Zone ◽  
Additional Information

The domain of operating conditions, in which the optical fiber-drawing process is successful, is an important consideration. Such a domain is mainly determined by the stresses acting on the fiber and by the stability of the process. This paper considers an electrical resistance furnace for fiber drawing and examines conditions for process feasibility. In actual practice, it is known that only certain ranges of furnace temperature and draw speed lead to successful fiber drawing. The results obtained here show that the length of the heated zone and the furnace temperature distribution are other important parameters that can be varied to obtain a feasible process. Physical behavior close to the boundary of the feasible domain is also studied. It is found that the iterative scheme for neck-down profile determination diverges rapidly when the draw temperature is lower than that at the acceptable domain boundary due to the lack of material flow. However, the divergence rate becomes much smaller as the temperature is brought close to the domain boundary. Additional information on the profile determination as one approaches the acceptable region is obtained. It is found that it is computationally expensive and time-consuming to locate the exact boundary of the feasible drawing domain. From the results obtained, along with practical considerations of material rupture, defect concentration, and flow instability, an optimum design of a fiber-drawing system can be obtained for the best fiber quality.

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