LITERATURE REVIEW ON TIRE COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS

This paper is a literature review about tire component requirements for innovation in tire construction. Herein are pointed out essential aspects expected in Tires’ structures from the mechanical point of view for future development of a realistic model for advanced simulation of tires (in miscellaneous operating conditions) and innovation in tire mechanics. Being composite structures, tires are made of many elements chosen with delicacy due to their intrinsic physical properties in regards to load effects. Since tires' mechanical behavior is directly linked to the parameters of its constituents (carcass, steel cord belt, and textile cord belt, namely), it is thereof imperative to grasp some solid pieces of knowledge about. Wherefore, the current contribution explored the mechanical requirements to be taken into account in the matrix (rubber) and reinforcements (steel cords and textile cords) for determining the inputs enabling to build up an accurate and simple computer model for improving tires simulation.

Aspects of Selecting Appropriate Conveyor Belt Strength

Breaks in the so-called “continuous” (unspliced) belt sections, and not in the spliced areas, are infrequent but do happen in practice. This article presents some aspects, which may account for such breaks in conveyor belts. It indicates the so-called “sensitive points” in design, especially in the transition section of the conveyor belt and in identifying the actual strength of the belt. The presented results include the influence of the width of a belt specimen on the identified belt tensile strength. An increase in the specimen width entails a decrease in the belt strength. The research involved develops a universal theoretical model of the belt on a transition section of a troughed conveyor in which, in the case of steel-cord belts, the belt is composed of cords and layers of rubber, and in the case of a textile belt, of narrow strips. The article also describes geometrical forces in the transition section of the belt and an illustrative analysis of loads acting on the belt. Attention was also devoted to the influence of the belt type on the non-uniform character of loads in the transition section of the conveyor. A replacement of a conveyor belt with a belt having different elastic properties may increase the non-uniformity of belt loads in the transition section of the conveyor, even by 100%.

Automobile Tires’ High-Carbon Steel Wire

It is a well-known fact that to manufacture an automobile tire more than 200 different materials are used, including high-carbon steel wire. In order to withstand the affecting forces, the tire tread is reinforced with steel wire or other products such as ropes or strands. These ropes are called steel cord. Steel cord can be of different constructions. To ensure a good adhesive bond between the rubber of the tire and the steel cord, the cord is either brass-plated or bronzed. The reason brass or bronze is used is because copper, which is a part of these alloys, makes a high-strength chemical composition with sulfur in rubber. For steel cord, the high carbon steel is usually used at 0.70–0.95% C. This amount of carbon ensures the high strength of the steel cord. This kind of high-quality, unalloyed steel has a pearlitic structure which is designed for multi-pass drawing. To ensure the specified technical characteristics, modern metal reinforcing materials for automobile tires, metal cord and bead wire, must withstand, first of all, a high breaking load with a minimum running meter weight. At present, reinforcing materials of the strength range 2800–3200 MPa are increasingly used, the manufacture of which requires high-strength wire. The production of such wire requires the use of a workpiece with high carbon content, changing the drawing regimes, patenting, and other operations. At the same time, it is necessary to achieve a reduction in the cost of wire manufacturing. In this context, the development and implementation of competitive processes for the manufacture of high-quality, high-strength wire as a reinforcing material for automobile tires is an urgent task.

Perancangan Sistem Kontrol Sinkronisasi Kecepatan Conveyor Feeding Dengan Kecepatan Calender Berbasis Inverter di Mesin Calender Plant R

Proses calendering adalah proses pelapisan kawat baja (steel cord) dengan karet (compound) menjadi steel treatment sebagai salah satu material penyusun dalam proses pembuatan ban. Pada proses produksi steel treatment di Plant R PT ACR tentu tidak lepas dari adanya produk cacat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif, peneliti mendapatkan cacat produk seperti supply compound kurang dan compound steel treatment lebih. Pada periode Desember 2020 sampai Februari 2021 frekuensi terjadinya kedua cacat produk tersebut sebanyak 254 kasus untuk supply compound kurang dan 147 kasus untuk compound steel treatment lebih. Penyebab utama kedua cacat produk disebabkan oleh faktor tidak sinkronnya kecepatan conveyor feeding yang men-supply compound ke mesin calender dengan kecepatan mesin calender. Dengan melakukan pengukuran kecepatan secara lansgung terdapat selisih yang cukup jauh. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan supply compound menjadi kurang atau lebih. Dengan permasalahan tersebut maka akan dibuat perancangan sistem kontrol yang dapat mensinkronkan kecepatan conveyor feeding agar sesuai dengan kecepatan mesin calender dengan menggunakan inverter sebagai pengendali motornya. Hasil penelitian ini dinyatakan dalam bentuk tabel yang menunjukan hasil perhitungan untuk memperoleh nilai frekuensi yang dibutuhkan oleh motor induksi. Sebagaimana diketahui kecepatan putaran motor dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi yang didapatkan oleh motor tersebut.

EPDM/SBR Blends for Skim Compound of Steel Cord Conveyor Belt: Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability and Adhesion Level

In this paper, the influence of some ingredient concentrations such as SBR ratio, DCP/S, CBS/DPG accelerator, EPDM-g-AM and cord surface on mechanical, thermal aging properties and adhesion between rubber compounds and cord have been investigated. The results showed that with suitable ingredients loading such as EPDM/SBR is 85/15 phr, DCP/S is 2.0/1.5 phr and EPDM-g-AM content is 2.0 phr with respect to rubber, the vulcanizates had good mechanical properties, thermal stability and adhesion level to the zinc/copper galvanized cord. The highest tensile strength, elongation at break and pull out strength reached 18.1 MPa, 432% and 60.3 N/mm respectively, and the highest retention after thermal aging at 150°C for 168 hours was about 0.76.

Identification of damage development in the core of steel cord belts with the diagnostic system

Belt conveyors are used for transporting bulk materials over distances. The core of the belt, by transferring the longitudinal stresses and ensuring proper frictional coupling of the belt, enables belt movement and transportation of materials on its surface. As the belt cover and edges are used, the belt becomes abraded, and the core is subject to fatigue. The result is the development of cracks in rubber covers across the belt, which leads to the development of damage not only along the cables (the natural direction of water migration and corrosion) but also in the direction transverse to the belt axis. Conducting a series of scans of the St-type belt operating in one of the underground copper ore mines in Poland allowed identifying the number of failures as well as their size and changes over time. These data were in turn used to determine the measures defining the condition of the belt such as the density of defects (the number of defects per 1 m of the belt), the density of the area of damage (the area of damage per 1 m of the belt) and the change in the average area of a single defect over time. By determining the regression of these measures in time and the rate of damage development in both directions (along the axis of the belt and across the belt), it was possible to forecast future states of the belt, as well as to evaluate the costs of different belt replacement strategies and the economic rationalization of the decision to replace them. This research has become possible owing to the development of the DiagBelt system for two-dimensional imaging of the damage to the core of steel-cord belts with resolution sufficiently high to allow tracking the development of single core defects.

Statistical Analysis and Neural Network in Detecting Steel Cord Failures in Conveyor Belts

This paper presents the identification and classification of steel cord failures in the conveyor belt core based on an analysis of a two-dimensional image of magnetic field changes recorded using the Diagbelt system around scanned failures in the test belt. The obtained set of identified changes in images, obtained for numerous parameters settings of the device, were the base for statistical analysis. This analysis makes it possible to determine the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient between the parameters being changed and the image of the failures. In the second stage of the research, artificial intelligence methods were applied to construct a multilayer neural network (MLP) and to teach it appropriate identification of damage. In both methods, the same data sets were used, which made it possible to compare methods.

Statistical Analysis and Neural Network in Detecting Steel Cord Failures in Conveyor Belts

The paper presents the identification and classification of steel cord failures in the conveyor belt core based on an analysis of a two-dimensional image of magnetic field changes recorded using the Diagbelt system around scanned failures in the test belt. The obtained set of identified changes in images obtained for numerous devices parameters settings were the base for statistical analysis. It makes it possible to determine the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient between the parameters being changed and the image of the failures. In the second stage of the research, artificial intelligence methods were applied to construct a multilayer neural network (MLP) and to teach its appropriate identification of damage. In both methods were used the same data sets, which made it possible to compare methods.

Evaluation comparison of wave amount measurement results in brass-plated tire steel cord using RMSE and cosine similarity

<span lang="IN">In the production process, quality checking is very important, one of which is on the wire. In the process of making brass-coated steel tire straps sometimes produce quality goods not in accordance with the desired standard values. Checks that are carried out manually have low efficiency and quite high errors occur. So it is necessary to check by measuring the wavelength on the brass plated steel cord automatically. In this study, used 3 automatic measurement methods using 2 evaluations, namely RMSE and Cosine Similarity. The results showed the best measurement using RMSE with method 2. Whereas the worst method uses RMSE with method 1. The smallest RMSE value is 0.0098 and the largest RMSE is 0.0966. The lowest Cosine Similarity value is 0.1253, while the highest Cosine Similarity value is 0.2079.</span>