scholarly journals Influences of cycle facilities on cycling to work

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Feng ◽  
Chris Dibben
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ecological Fallacy ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundIn recent years, promoting cycling as a means of transport has been put on multiple policy agendas, including health, transport and climate change. Provision of cycling facilities is important in promotion of bicycle use. However, there are no conclusive findings in terms of what cycling facilities are associated with higher levels of bicycle use. ObjectivesIn this paper we aim to assess the influence of off-road cycle paths and on-road lanes, by examining whether proximity to two types of cycle route is associated to the level of cycling to work. The research findings has potential to provide further evidence on policy interventions in promoting cycling to work through development of new cycling infrastructures. MethodsThe cycling to work data are from the 2001 and 2011 censuses at the output area level. Proximity to cycling facilities is defined for output areas if they are within 400 metres from their centroid to a cycle route. We fit regression models to examine the association of cycle paths and cycle lanes with levels of cycling to work adjusting for a number of socioeconomic factors. FindingsThe modelling results show that proximity to off-road paths is associated with increased levels of cycling to work but proximity to on-road lanes shows no effect. ConclusionsAlthough this is by no means indicative of a causal relationship, this research provides further evidence on the effects of cycle facilities on cycling behaviour, lending support on policy interventions that cycle facilities can be built to promote cycling to work. We will extend this research using the individual level census data which will give us opportunity to overcome the ecological fallacy. In addition we will use coarsened exact matching to identify a control group in order to make causal inference on the effect of cycle paths.

Using Census Data to Investigate the Causes of the Ecological Fallacy

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Tranmer ◽  
D G Steel
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Ecological Fallacy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
Australian Census ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Small Area Statistics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

The authors show how data from the 2% Sample of Anonymised Records (SAR) can be combined with data from the Small Area Statistics (SAS) database to investigate the causes of the ecological fallacy in an Enumeration District (ED) level analysis. A range of census variables are examined in three ‘SAR districts’ (local authority districts with populations of 120 000 or more, or combinations of contiguous districts with smaller populations) in England. Results of comparable analyses from the 1986 Australian census are also given. The ecological fallacy arises when results from an analysis based on area-level aggregate statistics are incorrectly assumed to apply at the individual level. In general the results are different because individuals in the same area tend to have similar characteristics: a phenomenon known as within-area homogeneity. A statistical model is presented which allows for within-area homogeneity. This model may be used to explain the effects of aggregation on variances, covariances, and correlations. A methodology is introduced which allows aggregate-level statistics to be adjusted by using individual-level information on those variables that explain much of the within-area homogeneity. This methodology appears to be effective in adjusting census data analyses, and the results suggest that the SAR is a valuable source of adjustment information for aggregate data analyses from census and other sources.

Ecological Fallacies and the Analysis of Areal Census Data

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Openshaw
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Ecological Fallacy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Empirical Demonstration ◽  
Degree Of Severity

In many countries census data are only reported for areal units and not at the individual level. This custom raises the spectre of ecological fallacy problems. In this paper, a 10% sample census (from the United Kingdom) and individual census data (from Italy) are used to provide an empirical demonstration of the nature and magnitude of these problems. It is concluded that ecological fallacy effects are endemic to areal census data, although their magnitude is perhaps not as large as might have been expected. The principal difficulty is that there is at present no way of predicting in advance the degree of severity likely to be associated with particular variables and particular techniques. Finally, a suggestion is made concerning how the potentially serious practical consequences can be reduced.

scholarly journals Differences in Sickness Allowance Receipt between Swedish Speakers and Finnish Speakers in Finland

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaarina S. Reini ◽  
Jan Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Health Measure ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Previous research has documented lower disability retirement and mortality rates of Swedish speakers as compared with Finnish speakers in Finland. This paper is the first to compare the two language groups with regard to the receipt of sickness allowance, which is an objective health measure that reflects a less severe poor health condition. Register-based data covering the years 1988-2011 are used. We estimate logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to account for repeated observations at the individual level. We find that Swedish-speaking men have approximately 30 percent lower odds of receiving sickness allowance than Finnish-speaking men, whereas the difference in women is about 15 percent. In correspondence with previous research on all-cause mortality at working ages, we find no language-group difference in sickness allowance receipt in the socially most successful subgroup of the population.

scholarly journals Voluntary Language Switching in the Context of Bilingual Aphasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Nicholas Grunden ◽  
Giorgio Piazza ◽  
Carmen García-Sánchez ◽  
Marco Calabria
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Bilingual Aphasia ◽  
The Individual

As studies of bilingual language control (BLC) seek to explore the underpinnings of bilinguals’ abilities to juggle two languages, different types of language switching tasks have been used to uncover switching and mixing effects and thereby reveal what proactive and reactive control mechanisms are involved in language switching. Voluntary language switching tasks, where a bilingual participant can switch freely between their languages while naming, are being utilized more often due to their greater ecological validity compared to cued switching paradigms. Because this type of task had not yet been applied to language switching in bilingual patients, our study sought to explore voluntary switching in bilinguals with aphasia (BWAs) as well as in healthy bilinguals. In Experiment 1, we replicated previously reported results of switch costs and mixing benefits within our own bilingual population of Catalan-Spanish bilinguals. With Experiment 2, we compared both the performances of BWAs as a group and as individuals against control group performance. Results illustrated a complex picture of language control abilities, indicating varying degrees of association and dissociation between factors of BLC. Given the diversity of impairments in BWAs’ language control mechanisms, we highlight the need to examine BLC at the individual level and through the lens of theoretical cognitive control frameworks in order to further parse out how bilinguals regulate their language switching.

Definiteness in written Swedish by Finnish-speaking immersion pupils at the end of immersion

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-84
Author(s):  
Eeva-Liisa Nyqvist
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Definite Form ◽  
Spontaneous Writing ◽  
Acquisition Order ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

Abstract There are two primary goals for this study – first, to analyse definiteness and article use in spontaneous writing in Swedish by 15-year-old Finnish immersion students (n = 162) and secondly, to compare their performance with that of non-immersion students at the same age (n = 67). Analyses at the group level show that immersion students usually perform significantly better than the control group, but they also reveal similar problems to what L2-Swedish non-immersion students have demonstrated in previous studies, such as omission of indefinite articles and difficulty in choosing the right definite form of the noun. Still, these inaccuracies occurred less often in the data from the immersion students. The studied constructions also show at the group level an acquisition order similar to that reported in previous studies, explainable by different aspects of complexity and cross-linguistic influence. Analyses on the individual level, however, show different acquisition orders depending on the criteria being used.

scholarly journals Predictors of Neuropsychological Improvement Following Cognitive Rehabilitation in Patients with Gliomas

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Gehring ◽  
Neil K. Aaronson ◽  
Chad M. Gundy ◽  
Martin J.B. Taphoorn ◽  
Margriet M. Sitskoorn
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis study investigated the specific patient factors that predict responsiveness to a cognitive rehabilitation program. The program has previously been demonstrated to be successful at the group level in patients with gliomas, but it is unclear which patient characteristics optimized the effect of the intervention at the individual level. Four categories of possible predictors of improvement were selected for evaluation: sociodemographic and clinical variables, self-reported cognitive symptoms, and objective neuropsychological test performance. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were conducted, beginning with the most accessible (sociodemographic) variables and ending with the most difficult (baseline neuropsychological) to identify in clinical practice. Nearly 60% of the participants of the intervention were classified as reliably improved. Reliable improvement was predicted by age (p = .003) and education (p = .011). Additional results suggested that younger patients were more likely to benefit specifically from the cognitive rehabilitation program (p = .001), and that higher education was also associated with improvement in the control group (p = .024). The findings are discussed in light of brain reserve theory. A practical implication is that cognitive rehabilitation programs should take the patients’ age into account and, if possible, adapt programs to increase the likelihood of improvement among older participants. (JINS, 2011, 17, 256–266)

scholarly journals Probabilistic tools to gauge 6-month infants' ability to detect contingency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Dauphin ◽  
J. Kevin O'Regan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group I ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analytical Tools

Adults are capable of very fine motor skills whereas newborn babies’ motions are less accurately adjusted to the environment. It has been suggested that babies are sensitive to sensorimotor contingencies so they can acquire their body knowhow by gradually linking each body movement to its perceptual consequences. The research we pursued in the team is part of this theoretical framework. We use behavioural measurements to study how babies refine their body knowhow over time.During my internship, we studied arm differentiation in infants of age 6 months. An artificial contingency was established between the movements of one of the babies’ arms and the appearance of visual and auditory stimuli on both of their arms. My goal was to develop analytical tools to assess if babies detect the contingency (i.e. if they realize that they caused the occurrence of the stimuli). I tried to reproduce the probabilistic methodology developed by J. Watson in his experiments with 4month old babies. I could not obtain reliable results and so pursued my investigations. I adapted Watson’s analytical tools to create a binary indicator measuring the success of babies at the individual level. I showed that babies can differentiate between a situation where without doubt they have no control and a situation where they could be the cause of the stimulus. However, because babies who tried to test the contingency behaved similarly in both the test and the control group I can not ascertain that babies from the contingent group understood that they triggered the contingency.

scholarly journals Predicting Violence in Merseyside: a Network-Based Approach Using No Demographic Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Paolo Campana ◽  
Andrea Giovannetti
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Individual Information

Abstract Purpose We explore how we can best predict violent attacks with injury using a limited set of information on (a) previous violence, (b) previous knife and weapon carrying, and (c) violence-related behaviour of known associates, without analysing any demographic characteristics. Data Our initial data set consists of 63,022 individuals involved in 375,599 events that police recorded in Merseyside (UK) from 1 January 2015 to 18 October 2018. Methods We split our data into two periods: T1 (initial 2 years) and T2 (the remaining period). We predict “violence with injury” at time T2 as defined by Merseyside Police using the following individual-level predictors at time T1: violence with injury; involvement in a knife incident and involvement in a weapon incident. Furthermore, we relied on social network analysis to reconstruct the network of associates at time T1 (co-offending network) for those individuals who have committed violence at T2, and built three additional network-based predictors (associates’ violence; associates’ knife incident; associates’ weapon incident). Finally, we tackled the issue of predicting violence (a) through a series of robust logistic regression models using a bootstrapping method and (b) through a specificity/sensitivity analysis. Findings We found that 7720 individuals committed violence with injury at T2. Of those, 2004 were also present at T1 (27.7%) and co-offended with a total of 7202 individuals. Regression models suggest that previous violence at time T1 is the strongest predictor of future violence (with an increase in odds never smaller than 123%), knife incidents and weapon incidents at the individual level have some predictive power (but only when no information on previous violence is considered), and the behaviour of one’s associates matters. Prior association with a violent individual and prior association with a knife-flagged individual were the two strongest network predictors, with a slightly stronger effect for knife flags. The best performing regressors are (a) individual past violence (36% of future violence cases correctly identified); (b) associates’ past violence (25%); and (c) associates’ knife involvement (14%). All regressors are characterised by a very high level of specificity in predicting who will not commit violence (80% or more). Conclusions Network-based indicators add to the explanation of future violence, especially prior association with a knife-flagged individual and association with a violent individual. Information about the knife involvement of associates appears to be more informative than a subject’s own prior knife involvement.

A multilevel analysis of change in hatred of academic work during high school: focusing on the sociocultural background of Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyoung Lee ◽  
Soohyun Cho ◽  
Sang Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Students ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multilevel Growth Model

AbstractDevelopment of academic hatred was examined at four time points across 7 months among 1,015 South Korean high school students. A multilevel growth model showed that the baseline of, and change in, academic hatred varied across individuals and classrooms. At the individual level, gender, parents’ academic pressure, depression, and test anxiety were related to the initial level of academic hatred; gender and test anxiety were associated with a decrease in academic hatred over time. At the class level, lower socio-economic status and higher teachers’ autonomy support were associated with a lower baseline of academic hatred, and higher teachers’ autonomy support decreased academic hatred. Influence mechanisms of protective and risk factors on students’ academic hatred can be considered for strategic and policy interventions.

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