Definiteness in written Swedish by Finnish-speaking immersion pupils at the end of immersion

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-84
Author(s):  
Eeva-Liisa Nyqvist

Abstract There are two primary goals for this study – first, to analyse definiteness and article use in spontaneous writing in Swedish by 15-year-old Finnish immersion students (n = 162) and secondly, to compare their performance with that of non-immersion students at the same age (n = 67). Analyses at the group level show that immersion students usually perform significantly better than the control group, but they also reveal similar problems to what L2-Swedish non-immersion students have demonstrated in previous studies, such as omission of indefinite articles and difficulty in choosing the right definite form of the noun. Still, these inaccuracies occurred less often in the data from the immersion students. The studied constructions also show at the group level an acquisition order similar to that reported in previous studies, explainable by different aspects of complexity and cross-linguistic influence. Analyses on the individual level, however, show different acquisition orders depending on the criteria being used.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Orie E. Barron ◽  
Charles R. Enis ◽  
Hong Qu

In this study, we study information processing by financial professionals benchmarked with non-professionals and how correlation among individual forecasts explains the group level forecast performance. In an experiment in which participants make price forecasts based on common financial information, we find that individual professionals are no better than individual non-professionals in forecasting, but professionals’ mean forecasts are superior. Our analysis suggests that financial professionals’ individual errors are less correlated as they process information from more diverse perspectives. This leads to superior mean forecasts because the uncorrelated individual errors cancel each other out in the aggregate. In contrast, non-professionals are similar in using salient information such as earnings or cash flow. As a result, their individual errors are highly correlated. Instead of cancelling each other out, the individual errors are enlarged in the aggregated mean forecasts. We are the first to show the difference in the comparisons of professionals and non-professionals at the group level versus at the individual level. Our paper contributes to the literature by documenting the evidence of diversity in information processing by financial professionals.


Per Musi ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Marcelo Almeida Sampaio ◽  
Patrícia Furst Santiago

In a piano sight-reading (SR) experiment, 27 undergraduate students had their SR measured. It tested the hypothesis that transposition (control group) would be a pedagogical intervention better than rhythmic training and the use of four-handed repertoire (two experimental groups). The individual errors were collected from three tests in three difficulty levels (27 students x 3 tests x 3 levels), generating a total of 243 observations. Although students improved their performance by 30%, none of the pedagogical interventions had any significant effect (p=0.96). The results were: a) practicing reading in the bass clef, the rhythmic aspects more than the melodic ones, and the left hand more than the right one, brings more benefits to the piano SR performance; b) isolated SR strategies has little effect on students development; c) using a hybrid curriculum matrix with three or more significant predictors seems to be the most appropriate way to develop a SR competency.


2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Ede Surya Darmawan

Dalam rangka mendukung peningkatan kapasitas aparat pemerintah daerah dalam melaksanakan peran dan fungsi setelah penerapan kebijakan desentralisasi, Unit Desentralisasi Departemen Kesehatan telah menyusun beberapa rencana strategis yang bertujuan mengantisipasi transisi desentralisasi, diantaranya adalah membangun organisasi pembelajar. Melihat bagaimana peranan pelatihan berpengaruh pada perubahan individu dan institusi pada lingkungan birokrasi yang lebih ketat pada tingkat pemerintah daerah. Penelitian ini adalah sebuah penelitian quasi-eksperimental dengan pre- dan post- intervensi, pengukuran yang berulang kali, dan kontrol yang tidak merata. Kelompok pertama akan menerima pelatihan SLLO (Xa) dan pendampingan (Xb). Kelompok kedua hanya akan berfungsi sebagai kelompok pengontrol. Penelitian ini menemukan: (1) Pelatihan LO efektif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, dan pemahaman peserta dalam perspektif kerja, masalah, keinginan mempebaiki diri dan menyebarkan kepada teman kerja. (2) Perubahan tingkat individu meliputi; keinginan memperbaiki perilaku kerja; keterbukaan dan kesiapan pencatatan perilaku; kesediaan menyediakan waktu; lebih banyak mempergunakan analisis penyebab masalah; lebih banyak dialog dan tidak terjebak dengan gejala; keinginan dan upaya menyebarkan LO dalam seminar dan pelatihan. (3) Bentuk perubahan kelompok dan institusi belum terlihat, berupa upaya untuk menyampaikan informasi pelatihan LO kepada peserta lintas sektor yang lebih luas. (4) Pengaruh lingkungan birokrasi pemerintah tingkat kabupaten mengakibatkan; perubahan individu berpengaruh pada perubahan kelompok sedikit; komunikasi membutuhkan waktu banyak; Sulit melakukan dialog antar anggota tim. Pada tingkat kecamatan keadaan berubah lebih baik; Perubahan individu yang berpengaruh pada perubahan kelompok lebih banyak; komunikasi antar anggota lebih cepat; dialog lebih mudah .Kata kunci : Pelatihan pembelajaran organisasi , perubahan individu dan institusiAbstractIn order to support local government capacity to implement their role and capacity after the implementation of decentralization policy, The Decentralization Unit of Ministry of Health RI has developed several strategic plans which directed to anticipate decentralization transition, such as learning organization. To objective of this study is to understand the effect of training program on individual and institutional changes in a more strict bureocratic environment. This study is a quasi-experimental study with pre and post intervention study design, several times measurements, and unequally distributed control. The first group receive SLLO training (Xa) and assistance (Xb). The second group is a control group. The study result show that: (1) the LO training is efective to increase knowledge and understanding of the trainees on job perspective, problem solving, self improvement need and distribution to group member (2) The individual level changes include the need to job behavioral improvement, the openness and readiness to record behaviour, more problem analysis, more dialogue and not trapped in surface symptoms, want and need to distribute LO in seminar and training (3) the group and institutional changes has not been seen yet (4) only small effect of individual changes to group level changes, communication needs plenty of time, difficult to conduct dialogue among team members. In sub-district level situation has chenged to a better situation, more effect of individual level cahnges to group level changes, faster communication between group members and easier dialogue.Keywords: Learning organization training, individual and institutional changes


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Payne ◽  
Heidi A. Vuletich ◽  
Kristjen B. Lundberg

The Bias of Crowds model (Payne, Vuletich, & Lundberg, 2017) argues that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts. It is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level. But when aggregated to measure context-level effects, the scores become stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. We concluded that the statistical benefits of aggregation are so powerful that researchers should reconceptualize implicit bias as a feature of contexts, and ask new questions about how implicit biases relate to systemic racism. Connor and Evers (2020) critiqued the model, but their critique simply restates the core claims of the model. They agreed that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts; that it is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level; and that aggregating scores to measure context-level effects makes them more stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. Connor and Evers concluded that implicit bias should be considered to really be noisily measured individual construct because the effects of aggregation are merely statistical. We respond to their specific arguments and then discuss what it means to really be a feature of persons versus situations, and multilevel measurement and theory in psychological science more broadly.


2021 ◽  
pp. 073563312110308
Author(s):  
Fan Ouyang ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Yuqin Yang ◽  
Yunqing Chen

Group-level metacognitive scaffolding is critical for productive knowledge building. However, previous research mainly focuses on the individual-level metacognitive scaffoldings in helping learners improve knowledge building, and little effort has been made to develop group-level metacognitive scaffolding (GMS) for knowledge building. This research designed three group-level metacognitive scaffoldings of general, task-oriented, and idea-oriented scaffoldings to facilitate in-service teachers’ knowledge building in small groups. A mixed method is used to examine the effects of the GMSs on groups’ knowledge building processes, performances, and perceptions. Results indicate a complication of the effects of GMSs on knowledge building. The idea-oriented scaffolding has potential to facilitate question-asking and perspective-proposing inquiry through peer interactions; the general scaffolding does not necessarily lessen teachers’ idea-centered explanation and elaboration on the individual level; the task-oriented scaffolding has the worst effect. Pedagogical and research implications are discussed to foster knowledge building with the support of GMSs.


2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauri Rapeli

It is widely assumed that a representative democracy requires an enlightened citizenry in order to function properly. The competence of citizens has been studied extensively and the sociodemographic determinants of political sophistication are particularly well known. Much less is known about whether and how citizen competence affects electoral behaviour and outcomes. This article reviews the existing literature on these topics. Despite the widespread consensus that, generally speaking, citizen competence matters for electoral outcomes, the review produced a mixed result: some studies suggest that the political left would benefit from a better-informed electorate, while other studies suggest the opposite. Although the majoritarian electoral context is overrepresented in the evidence, the review shows that at the individual level, political knowledge greatly increases a person’s ability to match personal preferences with the right candidate or party in an election. The article also identifies several gaps in existing knowledge, thereby suggesting future research questions.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Calvo Martín ◽  
Stamatios C. Nicolis ◽  
Isaac Planas-Sitjà ◽  
Jean-Christophe de Biseau ◽  
Jean-Louis Deneubourg

AbstractCockroaches, like most social arthropods, are led to choose collectively among different alternative resting places. These decisions are modulated by different factors, such as environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) and sociality (groups size, nature of communications). The aim of this study is to establish the interplay between environmental conditions and the modulation of the interactions between individuals within a group leading to an inversion of preferences. We show that the preferences of isolated cockroaches and groups of 16 individuals, on the selection of the relative humidity of a shelter are inversed and shed light on the mechanisms involved. We suggest that the relative humidity has a multi-level influence on cockroaches, manifested as an attractant effect at the individual level and as a negative effect at the group level, modulating the interactions.


2022 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Paul Schneider ◽  
Ben van Hout ◽  
Marike Heisen ◽  
John Brazier ◽  
Nancy Devlin

Introduction Standard valuation methods, such as TTO and DCE are inefficient. They require data from hundreds if not thousands of participants to generate value sets. Here, we present the Online elicitation of Personal Utility Functions (OPUF) tool; a new type of online survey for valuing EQ-5D-5L health states using more efficient, compositional elicitation methods, which even allow estimating value sets on the individual level. The aims of this study are to report on the development of the tool, and to test the feasibility of using it to obtain individual-level value sets for the EQ-5D-5L. Methods We applied an iterative design approach to adapt the PUF method, previously developed by Devlin et al., for use as a standalone online tool. Five rounds of qualitative interviews, and one quantitative pre-pilot were conducted to get feedback on the different tasks. After each round, the tool was refined and re-evaluated. The final version was piloted in a sample of 50 participants from the UK. A demo of the EQ-5D-5L OPUF survey is available at: https://eq5d5l.me Results On average, it took participants about seven minutes to complete the OPUF Tool. Based on the responses, we were able to construct a personal EQ-5D-5L value set for each of the 50 participants. These value sets predicted a participants' choices in a discrete choice experiment with an accuracy of 80%. Overall, the results revealed that health state preferences vary considerably on the individual-level. Nevertheless, we were able to estimate a group-level value set for all 50 participants with reasonable precision. Discussion We successfully piloted the OPUF Tool and showed that it can be used to derive a group-level as well as personal value sets for the EQ-5D-5L. Although the development of the online tool is still in an early stage, there are multiple potential avenues for further research.


Author(s):  
Julian Le Grand ◽  
Bill New

This chapter examines the politics of paternalism. It first considers the question of whether the government can do better than the individual, outlining a set of justifications for government paternalism and showing how the state can intervene to improve the well-being of its citizens. It then discusses possible ways in which the government could be held to account to ensure that, in its paternalistic interventions aimed at improving its citizens' well-being, it does actually pursue the “right” agenda. It argues that the government can indeed raise the well-being of individuals who suffer from reasoning failure, even when allowance is made for possible reasoning failure among those individuals who constitute the government. However, democratic mechanisms must be put in place to ensure that the latter do not pursue their own agenda and turn the paternalistic state into an instrument of authoritarianism.


2012 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 621-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edsel L. Beja ◽  
David B. Yap

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