Exemption of Fiscal Exit Tax: Its Impact on  International Flights and Tax Revenue

Fiscal tariff is considered as personal income tax, collected in advance when adult people who have been staying in Indonesia for more than 183 days go overseas. The magnitude of tariff was sometime much greater than the airfare itself, particularly for international flight to ASEAN member countries. This study aims to measure the impact of elimination of fiscal tariff applied to international flight passenger departing from Indonesia. Potential loss in government revenue from income tax and number of international passengers were analyzed. This study used descriptive and econometric methods. Annual and monthly time series data were collected for publication of the Indonesian Statistical Agency and Central Bank of Indonesia during the periods 2008-2012. The results show that the elimination of fiscal tariff did not affect the government revenue resulting from personal income tax. The impact of tariff elimination was to increase the rate in number of passengers going overseas.

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Tax policy and housing prices: evidence from Vietnam using event study approach

Investment Management and Financial Innovations ◽

10.21511/imfi.14(4).2017.11 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 121-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pham Huu Hong Thai ◽

Hao Manh Quach

Keyword(s):

Event Study ◽

Policy Change ◽

Tax Policy ◽

Income Tax ◽

Housing Prices ◽

Personal Income ◽

Personal Income Tax ◽

Study Approach ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

This paper examines the effect of tax policy on housing prices in Vietnam for the period from October 2004 to September 2016 using event study approach. The authors find that all five key changes made to the personal income tax, corporate income tax and non-farm land use tax have caused the housing prices to decline on average 6-11% during the event window, but only the impact of the personal income tax changes is statistically significant. The fact that changes in housing prices are mostly seen prior to the effective date of the tax policy change implies that tax policy change indeed has influenced the housing prices in Vietnam. Although this research has not examined the mechanism through which tax policy has influenced the housing prices, the findings offer some implications for the government in terms of using tax policy for controlling housing prices in Vietnam. The research is also of very few papers in this literature that use the event study approach.

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Transport infrastructure of the Rostov Oblast: Problems and prospects for development in the context of national projects implementation

Economic Analysis Theory and Practice ◽

10.24891/ea.19.6.1015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1015-1034

Author(s):

O.Yu. Patrakeeva

Keyword(s):

Time Series Data ◽

Mutual Influence ◽

Rostov Oblast ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

Series Data ◽

Cointegration Tests ◽

Level Of Economic Development ◽

Short Run ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Subject. The paper considers national projects in the field of transport infrastructure, i.e. Safe and High-quality Roads and Comprehensive Plan for Modernization and Expansion of Trunk Infrastructure, and the specifics of their implementation in the Rostov Oblast. Objectives. The aim is to conduct a statistical assessment of the impact of transport infrastructure on the region’s economic performance and define prospects for and risks of the implementation of national infrastructure projects in conditions of a shrinking economy. Methods. I use available statistics and apply methods and approaches with time-series data, namely stationarity and cointegration tests, vector autoregression models. Results. The level of economic development has an impact on transport infrastructure in the short run. However, the mutual influence has not been statistically confirmed. The paper revealed that investments in the sphere of transport reduce risk of accidents on the roads of the Rostov Oblast. Improving the quality of roads with high traffic flow by reducing investments in the maintenance of subsidiary roads enables to decrease accident rate on the whole. Conclusions. In conditions of economy shrinking caused by the complex epidemiological situation and measures aimed at minimizing the spread of coronavirus, it is crucial to create a solid foundation for further economic recovery. At the government level, it is decided to continue implementing national projects as significant tools for recovery growth.

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IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON EXPORT SECTOR IN NIGERIA (1981-2018)

International Journal of Indian Economic Light ◽

10.36713/epra3009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Edeh, Chukwudi Emmanuel ◽

Obi, Cyril Ogugua ◽

Mbaeri, Clara Ndidiamaka ◽

Ebite Ogochukwu Njideka

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Series Data ◽

Cent Increase ◽

Oil Export ◽

Oil Sector ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

The objective of the study is to examine the impact of FDI on exports in Nigeria for the period 1981-2018. Specifically, two linear equations were formulated to trace the impact of FDI on oil sector and non-oil sector. The explanatory variables in the study were exchange rate, GDP, degree of openness, FDI, and inflation. The ADF technique was used to test for the stationarity of the time series data. The results of the Error Correction models reveal that there is a positive and significant (P(FDI) = 0.000) relationship between FDI and oil export in Nigeria. One per cent increase in FDI leads to 0.47 per cent increase in oil export over the period under study. There is a positive and significant (P(FDI) = 0.005) relationship between FDI and non-oil export in Nigeria. One per cent increase in FDI leads to 0.31 per cent increase in non-oil export over the period under study. The impact of FDI on the oil export is higher than the non-oil sector by 0.16 per cent. The study recommends for more aggressive policies to attract FDI in the oil sector to be pursued by the government. Obstacles to doing business in Nigeria should be removed. KEYWORDS: Foreign direct investment, oil export, non-oil export

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Evaluation the impact of the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic in 2021 on effective tax rate and tax progressivity

Journal of Tax Reform ◽

10.15826/jtr.2021.7.2.094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 134-145

Author(s):

M. Krajňák ◽

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Tax Reform ◽

Personal Income ◽

Personal Income Tax ◽

Effective Tax Rate ◽

Tax Base ◽

Tax Rate ◽

Tax Progressivity ◽

The Impact ◽

Income Tax Reform

Legislation governing personal income taxation is often subject to changes. A significant personal income tax reform was carried out in the Czech Republic in 2021. The reform implements a progressive tax rate, changes the way the tax base is determined, and increases the tax relief for the taxpayer. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the personal income tax reform on the effective tax rate and tax progressivity. To that end, methods of regression analysis have been used. The source of information for analysis was the data published by the Czech Statistical Office. It was found that in 2021, in comparison with 2020, the tax burden represented in this study by the effective tax rate, in all cases became lower, approximately by 5%. The main reason for this decline is the adjustment of the method of construction of the tax base, which, for the first time in the history of the Income Tax Act, is gross wages. Until the end of 2020, the tax base was a super-gross wage, or the gross wage increased by social security contribution borne by the employer at his costs. The second factor that reduces the tax burden is a CZK 3,000 increase in the deduction per taxpayer per year. This fact increases the degree of tax progressivity, as confirmed by the results of the progressivity analysis and the regression analysis. The changes that have taken place in the personal income tax this year have a positive impact on the taxpayer, but from the point of view of the state, this reform has reduced the state budget revenues.

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The Effect of IJ-EPA to Indonesia Export: Interupted Time Series (ITS) Approach

Customs Research and Applications Journal ◽

10.31092/craj.v2i1.45 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 128-145

Author(s):

Yuafanda Kholfi Hartono ◽

Sumarto Eka Putra

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Free Trade ◽

Free Trade Agreement ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Current Account Deficit ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Export Market ◽

Series Data ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Indonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJ-EPA) is a bilateral free-trade agreement between Indonesia and Japan that has been started from July 1st, 2008. After more than a decade of its implementation, there is a question that we need to be addressed: Does liberalization of IJ-EPA make Indonesia’s export to Japan increase? This question is important since the government gives a trade-off by giving lower tariff for certain commodities agreed in agreement to increase export. Using Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis based on time-series data from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), this article found that the impact of IJ-EPA decreased for Indonesia export to Japan. Furthermore, this paper proposed some potential commodities that can increase the effectiveness of this FTA. The importance of this topic is that Indonesia will maximize the benefit in implementing of agreement that they made from the third biggest destination export of their total export value, so it will be in line with the government's goal to expand export market to solve current account deficit. In addition, the method that used in this paper can be implemented to other countries so that they can maximize the effect of Free Trade Agreement, especially for their export.

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Opportunities for Simplification in the Personal Income Tax Systems of the Visegrad Countries

Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly ◽

10.35551/pfq_2020_4_6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 531-553

Author(s):

Éva Bonifert Szabóné

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Degree Of Approximation ◽

Personal Income ◽

Tax Burden ◽

Personal Income Tax ◽

It Use ◽

Tax System ◽

Tax Systems ◽

The Impact

Due to the numerous factors that can influence the impact of the tax system and redistribution, there is no single correct answer to the question of which composition of economic policy instruments needs to be applied to achieve a desired redistributive effect. The general aim of the study is to investigate in relation to the quantifiable parameters of income tax systems, whether the consideration of the aspects of fairness and justice does have an excessively negative effect on the simplicity of tax systems. The study investigates the possibilities of simplifying the personal income tax system’s composition in some Central and Eastern European countries, while tax burden curves of the system remain as constant as possible. To this end, the study sets up a theoretical, simplified tax model, the parameters of which are determined by a computer program, in order to generate tax burden curves corresponding most closely to the curves of the real tax system. Based on the analysis, it can be established that the theoretical system – in some cases with restrictions – provides a good approximation to the tax burden curves of the investigated countries. The chosen simple model has a good degree of approximation to a real system that does not have significant breakpoints in its tax burden curves, nor does it use a taxation method that fundamentally modifies the system (e.g., splitting). Practical examples help to understand that a complex personal income tax system in a given country is not necessarily the only possible solution to achieve a given tax burden curve, the function may be reproduced with a good approximation constructed from simpler basic elements.

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Human Capital Impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria

Nile Journal of Business and Economics ◽

10.20321/nilejbe.v7i18.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (18) ◽

pp. 15-22

Author(s):

Chuwuemeka Ogugua AGBO ◽

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Human Capital ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Capital Expenditure ◽

Private Investment ◽

Series Data ◽

Tertiary Institutions ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

This study aims to examine the impact of human capital on economic growth in Nigeria. Despite all effort to improve education condition in Nigeria, there hasn’t been much encouraging improvement. This has caused a large number of the population to move abroad for studies. Most conducive tertiary institutions are owned by private individuals, the government owned universities have been overlooked and recklessly abandoned. In this study OLS multiple regression was adopted to analyze the time series data for the period of 1985-2018 to test if Average Year of Schooling (AVYS), Private Investment in Telecommunication (PIT), Capital Expenditure on Education (CEE), and Recurrent Expenditure on Education (REE) have an impact on growth in Nigeria or not. The data was derived from CBN statistical Bulletin (2018). Result showed that all the four explanatory variables have significant impact on Economic growth. However, it is therefore important for government to increase education budget annually.

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Personal Income Tax and Social Security Coordination in Cross-Border Employment – a Case Study of the Czech Republic and Denmark

European Journal of Social Security ◽

10.1177/1388262719833766 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 23-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jana Tepperová

Keyword(s):

Social Security ◽

Income Tax ◽

Personal Income ◽

Personal Income Tax ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Cross Border ◽

Social Security Contributions ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

Neither personal income tax nor social security is harmonised within the EU. Social security systems are coordinated at EU level whereas personal income tax in cross-border situations is governed by respective double tax treaties. In most EU countries, personal income tax and social security contributions are relatively distinct payments. This article examines problems surrounding the interaction between personal income tax and social security contributions on a national and international level based on a case study of cross-border employment between the Czech Republic and Denmark. As the Czech and the Danish systems are designed very differently, the case study allows for clear illustration of the issue at-hand. The aim is to identify the elements influencing the impact of different coordination rules in personal income tax and social security contributions, illustrate and discuss the potential problems of such mismatches between the two payments. The impact on final payments differs, not only due to the different levels of coordination of the payments, but also due to the different designs of the two national systems. Thus, it would be very difficult to address all the scenarios with a one size fits all measure for all the EU Member States that would overcome the differences in this coordination.

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The Determinants Of Personal Saving In The U.S.

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v26i5.317 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Myeong Hwan Kim

Keyword(s):

Economic Performance ◽

Income Tax ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Personal Income Tax ◽

Font Size ◽

Personal Saving ◽

External Variables ◽

Real Estate Loan ◽

The U.S

In this study, a number of internal and external variables that could affect personal saving are examined using regression to show how they are related to personal saving. The empirical study is performed using the time series data of the U.S. between the years 1950 and 2007. The findings reveal that personal saving is highly dependent on personal income, tax, credit outstanding and status of employment, while dependency ratio, current real estate loan, real interest rate and status of economic performance are indeterminate.

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The Impact of International Capital Flows on Jordan’s Economic Growth

International Journal of Economics and Financial Research ◽

10.32861/ijefr.59.214.220 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 214-220

Author(s):

Basem M. Lozi ◽

Mamoun Shakatreh

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Capital Flows ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Developed Countries ◽

International Capital Flows ◽

Capital Inflows ◽

Series Data ◽

International Capital ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of international capital flows on the economic growth in Jordan during the period from 2005 to 2017, The study also examines trends and composition of capital inflows. The study used descriptive analytical research method which was appropriate for the purpose of research. By using time series data, the study found that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), foreign portfolio investment (FPI), grants (Gr) and Worker remittances (WR) are positively affecting the economic growth direct contribution. Based on the research results, the study came with a several recommendations, the most important recommendation is; the government of Jordan should create and relax the rules and regulations to attract more investors, and also the government should work hand in hand with the developed countries to create economic and employment opportunities, improve the country’s competitiveness, and expand growth within the private sector so that everyone in Jordan has the opportunity to contribute to a brighter future.

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