Study on Suppression of External Stress Type Tin Whisker by PR Current Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Iwamoto ◽  
Katsuji Nakamura ◽  
Kaichi Tsuruta ◽  
Osamu Munekata
Keyword(s):  
Current Method ◽  
External Stress ◽  
Tin Whisker

Effect of the Formation of CuO Flowers and SnO2 on the Growth of Tin Whiskers on Immersion Tin Surface Finish

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Akmal Fadil ◽  
Siti Zahira Yusof ◽  
Ali Ourdjini ◽  
Tuty Asma Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Finish ◽  
External Stress ◽  
Tin Whiskers ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Tin Whisker ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Cu Substrates ◽  
Coated Surface ◽  
Immersion Tin ◽  
Immersion Plating

The effect of the formation of CuO flowers and SnO2on tin whiskers formation and growth in 30°C/60%RH environmental condition for tin surface finish had been studied. Immersion plating method was used to coat a layer of tin onto a copper, Cu substrates. The coated surface was subjected to external stress by micro hardness indenter with 2N load in order to simulate an external stress in coating layer and to promote the formation of tin whiskers. FESEM and EDX was used to study the type and chemical composition of whiskers and oxides formed. Image analyser was used to measure the whiskers length using JEDEC Standard No 22-A121A. After 1 week of the exposure under 30°C/60%RH environmental condition, kinked-type whiskers were formed and the whiskers growth were discontinued at week 4 due to the distruction at the end-tip of kinked-type tin whisker to grow further when it touched the coating surface. An obervation until 52 weeks of exposure time found that the formation and growth of CuO flowers and the oxidation of non-kinked-type of tin whiskers to form SnO2promoted by external stress also contributed to the discontinuity of whiskers growth.

scholarly journals Suppression of External-Stress-Induced Formation of Tin Whisker by Annealing of Electroplated Sn-Ag Alloy Films

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 823-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Asai ◽  
Tomoya Kiga ◽  
Yoshikuni Taniguchi ◽  
Hiroshi Morikawa ◽  
Kenji Sumiyama
Keyword(s):  
External Stress ◽  
Tin Whisker ◽  
Alloy Films

A Guide to Coding and Billing for the Audiological Management of Patients Receiving Ototoxic Medical Treatments

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-946
Author(s):  
Dawn Konrad-Martin ◽  
Neela Swanson ◽  
Angela Garinis
Keyword(s):  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Current Method ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Party Payer ◽  
High Frequency Audiometry ◽  
Icd 10

Purpose Improved medical care leading to increased survivorship among patients with cancer and infectious diseases has created a need for ototoxicity monitoring programs nationwide. The goal of this report is to promote effective and standardized coding and 3rd-party payer billing practices for the audiological management of symptomatic ototoxicity. Method The approach was to compile the relevant International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10-CM) codes and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT; American Medical Association) codes and explain their use for obtaining reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance. Results Each claim submitted to a payer for reimbursement of ototoxicity monitoring must include both ICD-10-CM codes to report the patient's diagnosis and CPT codes to report the services provided by the audiologist. Results address the general 3rd-party payer guidelines for ototoxicity monitoring and ICD-10-CM and CPT coding principles and provide illustrative examples. There is no “stand-alone” CPT code for high-frequency audiometry, an important test for ototoxicity monitoring. The current method of adding a –22 modifier to a standard audiometry code and then submitting a letter rationalizing why the test was done has inconsistent outcomes and is time intensive for the clinician. Similarly, some clinicians report difficulty getting reimbursed for detailed otoacoustic emissions testing in the context of ototoxicity monitoring. Conclusions Ethical practice, not reimbursement, must guide clinical practice. However, appropriate billing and coding resulting in 3rd-party reimbursement for audiology services rendered is critical for maintaining an effective ototoxicity monitoring program. Many 3rd-party payers reimburse for these services. For any CPT code, payment patterns vary widely within and across 3rd-party payers. Standardizing coding and billing practices as well as advocacy including letters from audiology national organizations may be necessary to help resolve these issues of coding and coverage in order to support best practice recommendations for ototoxicity monitoring.

Efektifitas Penggunaan Metode Pembelajaran Simulasi Dengan Latihan Terhadap Keterampilan Pengisian Partograf Pada Mahasiswa Semester II Di Prodi Kebidanan (D-III) Universitas Kadiri Tahun 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Dessy Lutfiasari ◽  
Mahmudah Mahmudah
Keyword(s):  
Current Method ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Training Simulation

The use of the current method of learning very big influence on the growth and development of students' creativity and interest for all subjects to be taught, especially in the use of partograf. From interviews to the 10 students of IV semester Prodi Midwifery (D-III) Kadiri University is known that 4 (40%) of students said it was understood, 4 (40%) of other students say they are confused and 2 (20%) of them said that he was a student not familiar with partograf. This shows the lack of understanding of students in filling partograph. The research objective is to determine the effectiveness of the use of learning methods for skills training simulation with filling partograph the second semester students in Midwifery (D-III) Kadiri University Faculty of Health Sciences in 2015. The research design used is pre experiment with design Static Group Comparison/Posttest Only Control Group Design. The population studied were all students of the second semester in Midwifery (D-III) Faculty of Health Sciences University of Kadiri numbered 50 students and sampling techniques Federer totaled 32 students. This is a research instrument partograph sheet. Results of the study were analyzed using the Mann Whitney test with a significance level of 0.05 were used.The results showed 7 respondents (46.7%) are adept at using partograf with simulation teaching methods and 6 respondents (40.0%) are adept at using partograph with practice learning methods. Data were analyzed by Mann Whitney test obtained ρ = 0.965; α = 0.05 means that H0 is accepted and H1 rejected. This means there is no difference in the effective use of learning methods for skills training simulation with partograph filling. Based on the results of this study are expected to choose the method of learning as a learning method in charging partograph because both methods equally effective.; Keywords: simulation methods, drilling methods, partograph filling

Sugarcane Weevil Borer (Rhabdoscelus Obscurus) in Fiji Islands and Recommendations Towards Its Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
Danian Singh ◽  
Lionel Joseph ◽  
Zafiar Naaz ◽  
Kelera Railoa
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
The World ◽  
Raw Sugar ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Sugarcane Weevil ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

Pests have been a constant threat to agriculture the world over. In the Fiji Islands where the major agricultural export commodity is raw sugar, the Sugarcane weevil borer is one such agricultural pest that poses a real threat to an already ailing industry. The Sugarcane weevil borer (Rhabdoscelus obscure) is a pest originally found in Papua New Guinea whose introduction into Fiji has resulted in crop damage particularly to the soft variety of sugarcane found in Fiji. This review highlights the emergence of the weevil borer and explains a possible control that could be implemented by the Fijian farmers. The current method of control in Fiji uses the split billet trap. While this method has been recognized as an economically viable method of controlling the spread of the weevil borer, it has not been completely effective in eradicating the pest. This paper highlights and puts forth recommendations on other methods which could be used by the sugarcane industry.

Validation of the Surgical Intervention for Traumatic Injury scale in the pediatric population

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
David Dornbos ◽  
Christy Monson ◽  
Andrew Look ◽  
Kristin Huntoon ◽  
Luke G. F. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Pediatric Trauma ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Surgical Decompression ◽  
Operative Intervention ◽  
Admission Diagnosis ◽  
Communication Tool

OBJECTIVEWhile the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) has been effective in describing severity in traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is no current method for communicating the possible need for surgical intervention. This study utilizes a recently developed scoring system, the Surgical Intervention for Traumatic Injury (SITI) scale, which was developed to efficiently communicate the potential need for surgical decompression in adult patients with TBI. The objective of this study was to apply the SITI scale to a pediatric population to provide a tool to increase communication of possible surgical urgency.METHODSThe SITI scale uses both radiographic and clinical findings, including the GCS score on presentation, pupillary examination, and CT findings. To examine the scale in pediatric TBI, a neurotrauma database at a level 1 pediatric trauma center was retrospectively evaluated, and the SITI score for all patients with an admission diagnosis of TBI between 2010 and 2015 was calculated. The primary endpoint was operative intervention, defined as a craniotomy or craniectomy for decompression, performed within the first 24 hours of admission.RESULTSA total of 1524 patients met inclusion criteria for the study during the 5-year span: 1469 (96.4%) were managed nonoperatively and 55 (3.6%) patients underwent emergent operative intervention. The mean SITI score was 4.98 ± 0.31 for patients undergoing surgical intervention and 0.41 ± 0.02 for patients treated nonoperatively (p < 0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to examine the diagnostic accuracy of the SITI scale in this pediatric population and was found to be 0.98. Further evaluation of patients presenting with moderate to severe TBI revealed a mean SITI score of 5.51 ± 0.31 in 40 (15.3%) operative patients and 1.55 ± 0.02 in 221 (84.7%) nonoperative patients, with an AUROC curve of 0.95.CONCLUSIONSThe SITI scale was designed to be a simple, objective communication tool regarding the potential need for surgical decompression after TBI. Application of this scale to a pediatric population reveals that the score correlated with the perceived need for emergent surgical intervention, further suggesting its potential utility in clinical practice.

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