An Integrated Model of Two-Party Elections

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bendor ◽  
Daniel Diermeier ◽  
David A. Siegel ◽  
Michael M. Ting
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Model Computation ◽  
Equilibrium Behavior ◽  
Synthetic Model ◽  
Voter Choice

This chapter introduces a model of two-party elections that integrates the focused models of party competition, turnout, and voter choice. To address the complexity of this synthetic model, computation is used as the main way to generate results (predictions). The model yields a “general equilibrium” of the election game. It also allows for greater heterogeneity within each coalition while taking into account the link between payoffs and aspirations. The chapter first describes the proposed computational model for two parties before discussing some results of the basic integrated model. It also considers several new questions that the model can address, such as: who votes and who votes correctly. Finally, it examines the dynamics that lead to equilibrium behavior.

Persuasion and Issue Voting

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-128
Author(s):  
Bernard Grofman
Keyword(s):  
Median Voter ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Issue Salience ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Platform Location ◽  
The Status ◽  
Voter Choice

This article examines neo-Downsian models of party competition and voter choice, with a special emphasis on Riker’s notion of heresthetics. It argues that platform location is only one way in which parties or candidates compete to motivate voters to support them, with the neo-Downsian literature having moved well beyond the “classic comic book” version of Downs as simply predicting convergence to the views of the median voter when elections involve two-party contests held under plurality rules in single seat constituencies. The article considers a variety of models, including ones that emphasize the importance of changes in the location of the status quo, models with assimilation and contrast effects, models that look at differential issue salience and persuasion about the importance weights to be attached to different issue dimensions, and models that involve the introduction of new dimensions of political competition.

Multi-party competition: A computational model with abstention and memory

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Plümper ◽  
Christian W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Party Competition

scholarly journals Entry, Exit, and Investment-Specific Technical Change

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto M Samaniego
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Equilibrium Behavior ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Cost

Using European data, this paper finds that (i) industry entry and exit rates are positively related to industry rates of investment-specific technical change (ISTC); and (ii) the sensitivity of industry entry and exit rates to cross-country differences in entry costs depends on industry rates of ISTC. The paper constructs a general equilibrium model in which the rate of ISTC varies across industries and new investment-specific technologies can be introduced by entrants or by incumbents. In the calibrated model, equilibrium behavior is consistent with stylized facts (i) and (ii), provided the cost of technology adoption is increasing in the rate of ISTC. (JEL G31, L11, O31, O33)

Conclusions Bounded Rationality and Elections

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bendor ◽  
Daniel Diermeier ◽  
David A. Siegel ◽  
Michael M. Ting
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Processes ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Ideal Point ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Behavioral Theory ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Voter Choice ◽  
Component Models ◽  
Parameter Values

This chapter summarizes the book’s major findings regarding party location, turnout, voter choice, and voter participation. First, the simple party competition model suggests that in unidimensional policy spaces, satisficing by winners plus search by losers produces a string of governmental policies that converges to the median voter’s ideal point when citizens always vote for the party that will better serve their interests. Second, turnout responds in intuitive ways to changes in parameter values. Average participation is higher the further apart the parties, in both two-component models with fixed platforms and in the simple turnout model. Third, voters learn to support parties that better serve their interests. Fourth, voter coordination is usually successful: the Condorcet loser is almost never selected. The behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality is formulated in the languages of dynamic systems and stochastic processes.

MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION FROM MULTIMODAL THINKING — TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF SPEECH AND GESTURE PRODUCTION

2008 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFAN KOPP ◽  
KIRSTEN BERGMANN ◽  
IPKE WACHSMUTH
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Multimodal Communication ◽  
Automatic Production ◽  
Iconic Gesture ◽  
Propositional Representation ◽  
Integrated Architecture ◽  
Gesture Production ◽  
Spot Formation

A computational model for the automatic production of combined speech and iconic gesture is presented. The generation of multimodal behavior is grounded in processes of multimodal thinking, in which a propositional representation interacts and interfaces with an imagistic representation of visuo-spatial imagery. An integrated architecture for this is described, in which the planning of content and the planning of form across both modalities proceed in an interactive manner. Results from an empirical study are reported that inform the on-the-spot formation of gestures.

A Behavioral Theory of Elections

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bendor ◽  
Daniel Diermeier ◽  
David A. Siegel ◽  
Michael M. Ting
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Behavioral Theory ◽  
Aspiration Level ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
New Challenges

Most theories of elections assume that voters and political actors are fully rational. While these formulations produce many insights, they also generate anomalies—most famously, about turnout. The rise of behavioral economics has posed new challenges to the premise of rationality. This book provides a behavioral theory of elections based on the notion that all actors—politicians as well as voters—are only boundedly rational. The theory posits learning via trial and error: actions that surpass an actor’s aspiration level are more likely to be used in the future, while those that fall short are less likely to be tried later. Based on this idea of adaptation, the book constructs formal models of party competition, turnout, and voters’ choices of candidates. These models predict substantial turnout levels, voters sorting into parties, and winning parties adopting centrist platforms. In multiparty elections, voters are able to coordinate vote choices on majority-preferred candidates, while all candidates garner significant vote shares. Overall, the behavioral theory and its models produce macroimplications consistent with the data on elections, and they use plausible microassumptions about the cognitive capacities of politicians and voters. A computational model accompanies the book and can be used as a tool for further research.

Translating Informal Theories Into Formal Theories: The Case of the Dynamic Computational Model of the Integrated Model of Work Motivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Vancouver ◽  
Mo Wang ◽  
Xiaofei Li
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Static Model ◽  
The Core

Theories are the core of any science, but many imprecisely stated theories in organizational and management science are hampering progress in the field. Computational modeling of existing theories can help address the issue. Computational models are a type of formal theory that are represented mathematically or by other formal logic and can be simulated, allowing theorists to assess whether the theory can explain the phenomena intended as well as make testable predictions. As an example of the process, Locke’s integrated model of work motivation is translated into static and dynamic computational models. Simulations of these models are compared to the empirical data used to develop and test the theory. For the static model, the simulations revealed largely strong associations with robust empirical findings. However, adding dynamics created several challenges to key precepts of the theory. Moreover, the effort revealed where empirical work is needed to further refine or refute the theory. Discussion focuses on the value of computational modeling as a method for formally testing, pruning, and extending extant theories in the field.

Multilinguistic Components of Spelling: An Overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Barber
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Model ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Language System ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Intervention Plan ◽  
Semantic Awareness

Spelling is a window into a student's individual language system and, therefore, canprovide clues into the student's understanding, use, and integration of underlyinglinguistic skills. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) should be involved in improvingstudents' literacy skills, including spelling, though frequently available measures ofspelling do not provide adequate information regarding critical underlying linguistic skillsthat contribute to spelling. This paper outlines a multilinguistic, integrated model of wordstudy (Masterson & Apel, 2007) that highlights the important influences of phonemicawareness, orthographic pattern awareness, semantic awareness, morphologicalawareness and mental graphemic representations on spelling. An SLP can analyze anindividual's misspellings to identify impairments in specific linguistic components andthen develop an individualized, appropriate intervention plan tailored to a child's uniquelinguistic profile, thus maximizing intervention success.

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