Of Paper

Money ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
James K. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Massachusetts Bay Colony ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Experience ◽  
Bank Notes

This chapter discusses the history of paper money. The history of paper money issued by a government belongs to the Americans. Bank paper and government paper share many things in common. Bank notes retain full parity of purchasing power with the gold or silver to which they promise title so long as they can be exchanged for the metal. Moreover, as British experience during the Napoleonic Wars showed, bank notes by no means lose all or even most of their value when convertibility into gold or silver is denied. The chapter examines the circumstances that account for the pioneering role of the American colonies in the use of paper money. It also considers the first issue of paper money by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690 and the rise of banks and banking during the colonial period.

scholarly journals The Historical Role of Leviticus 25 in Naturalizing Anti-Black Racism

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
James W. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Permanent Property

Leviticus 25:39–46 describes a two-tier model of slavery that distinguishes Israelites from foreign slaves. It requires that Israelites be indentured only temporarily while foreigners can be enslaved as chattel (permanent property). This model resembles the distinction between White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves in the American colonies. However, the biblical influence on these early modern practices has been obscured by the rarity of citations of Lev. 25:39–46 in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources about slavery. This article reviews the history of slavery from ancient Middle Eastern antiquity through the seventeenth century to show the unique degree to which early modern institutions resembled the biblical model. It then exposes widespread knowledge of Leviticus 25 in early modern political and economic debates. Demonstrating this awareness shows with high probability that colonial cultures presupposed the two-tier model of slavery in Leviticus 25:39–46 to naturalize and justify their different treatment of White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves.

Childhood in the Early Colonial Period

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
Harry Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Child Life ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Plymouth Colony ◽  
Massachusetts Bay Colony ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Poor Children

A great deal has been written about the life, struggles, and accomplishments of pioneer men and women who crossed the ocean to build a new world in the wilderness; but infant and child life during early colonial days is largely hidden in obscurity. Little has been recorded.1 It is known that few children under the age of 7 survived in the crowded immigrant ships: falling into the sea, accidents, hunger, thirst, and sickness took its sad toll. Nevertheless, there were many young2-5: a third of the founders of Plymouth were children; Puritan youth were evident in the great migration to the Massachusetts Bay Colony; several cargoes of poor children and orphans from Dutch almshouses were "bound out" to the burghers of New Netherlands; children were frequently dispatched from England as indentured servants and apprentices; the London Company sent 100 children to Virginia in 1619, and 1,500, kidnapped from Ireland and England, in 1627; African slave children were shipped to the colonies after 1620; and the colonial mother6 bore many children, buried many, and often followed them to the grave at an early age. Fecundity,5 characteristic of early colonists, served to people a continent (the population was 2.5 million in 1776), and provided needed child labor. Over 50% of Plymouth colony consisted of children.7 Colonial children were viewed as miniature adults; and boys and girls were dressed alike until the age of 7.1,7,8 The infant1,7 wore a long linen smock; was covered with a woolen blanket; and a wooden or wicker cradle, hooded to protect from cold draughts, much like those in which Indian babies slept, was its bed.

The “Orient” in the “New World”: The Carreira da Índia and the Flows between Asia and Portuguese America

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-50
Author(s):  
Jorge Lúzio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
Asian People ◽  
Brazilian Ports

The history of Brazil in its colonial period is characterized by the movement of Asian people, goods, and merchandise radiating from Brazilian ports that received ships via the Carreira da Índia, the main sea route integrating the Portuguese Empire both commercially and politically. Asian memory and imagination were present in the urban centres of the Portuguese American colonies in the form of cultural material before the actual presence of Asians, which began to occur through cycles of immigration into Brazilian lands during the nineteenth century. This article traces the circulation of ivory carvings from Asia into Portuguese America as a way of illustrating the presence of Asian material cultures in the New World, as well as the relevance of the Carreira da Índia to these cultural connections.

Indonesian women and political Islam

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Radical Islam ◽  
Islamic Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Politically Active

AbstractThis article investigates the history of women's relationship to political Islam in Indonesia over the last century. It addresses three questions: how Islamic women have been politically active in Indonesia, how Indonesian women have been affected by political Islam, and how they have influenced political Islam. Independence marked a turning point. In the colonial period, women were more active within radical Islamic organisations than in moderate ones. Since independence, however, the situation has changed. Instead, the role of women has strengthened in moderate organisations while radical Islam has kept women in the background.

scholarly journals The making of the central markets of Dakar and Kinshasa: from colonial origins to the post-colonial period

Urban History ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCE BEECKMANS ◽  
LIORA BIGON
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Planning History ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Spatial Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Sub Saharan

ABSTRACTThis article traces the planning history of two central marketplaces in sub-Saharan Africa, in Dakar and Kinshasa, from their French and Belgian colonial origins until the post-colonial period. In the (post-)colonial city, the marketplace has always been at the centre of contemporary debates on urban identity and spatial production. Using a rich variety of sources, this article makes a contribution to a neglected area of scholarship, as comparative studies on planning histories in sub-Saharan African cities are still rare. It also touches upon some key issues such as the multiple and often intricate processes of urban agency between local and foreign actors, sanitation and segregation, the different (post-)colonial planning cultures and their limits and the role of indigenous/intermediary groups in spatial contestation and reappropriation.

scholarly journals Childhood and Disability in Brazil: A History of Blindness and Silencing

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Cristina Borges De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Academic Production ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Education Academic

This article is a continuation of research involving inclusive educational policies, conceptions and transmission concerning childhood and the disabled child in Brazilian physical education academic production.  The aim is to understand the history of childhood in Brazil, from the colonial period to the Republic and the role of government and civil society in relation to problems in the lives of children, specifically those with disabilities, in the history of Brazilian educational policies.  Bibliographic and documentary research methods were used and the conclusion was reached that the history of childhood in Brazil has been marked by abandonment and disrespect.  From total anonymity in the first centuries to our days, when the child is recognized as a citizen with rights and obligations, the idea of institutional and social care for children with disabilities has been given mere lip service.

The Significance of Grain in the Development of the Tobacco Colonies

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Klingaman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
World Demand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Upper South

The economic development of the American colonies is one of the least explored areas in American economic history. Since the several regions in the colonies followed somewhat different paths of development, the colonial puzzle can be gradually pieced together through research which concentrates on particular regions. The subject of this study is an important aspect of the development of the tobacco colonies during approximately the thirty years preceding 1770. George Rogers Taylor and Jacob M. Price have suggested that the second and third quarters of the eighteenth century brought “rapid economic growth” to the tobacco colonies and a “marked resumption of growth” in tobacco exports. The findings of this study will suggest some reservations concerning the leading role of tobacco during this time. The series on American tobacco exports to Great Britain suggests that there was virtual stagnation in the first quarter of the eighteenth century followed by perhaps a doubling of exports in the second quarter and then near stagnation in the third quarter until the year 1771. The reason for the leap in tobacco exports in 1771 to a high plateau of approximately 100 million pounds annually during 1771–1775 is unknown. What is important for analysis of the growth and development of the tobacco colonies, however, is that the exceptionally high exports in the last five years of the colonial period tend to mask what was apparently a slow and erratic growth in world demand for American tobacco exports in the immediately preceding decades. The assumption that tobacco was a booming sector in the economy of the upper South at this time is open to question.

A Brief History of Entrepreneurship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Carlen
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Space Tourism ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Urban Market ◽  
History Of

A Brief History of Entrepreneurship charts how the pursuit of profit by private individuals has been a prime mover in revolutionizing civilization. Entrepreneurs often butt up against processes, technologies, social conventions, and even laws. So they circumvent, innovate, and violate to obtain what they want. This creative destruction has brought about overland and overseas trade, colonization, and a host of revolutionary technologies—from caffeinated beverages to the personal computer—that have transformed society. Consulting rich archival sources, including some that have never before been translated, Carlen maps the course of human history through nine episodes when entrepreneurship reshaped our world. Highlighting the most colorful characters of each era, he discusses Mesopotamian merchants’ creation of the urban market economy; Phoenician merchant-sailors intercontinental trade, which came to connect Africa, Asia, and Europe; Chinese tea traders’ invention of paper money; the colonization of the Americas; and the current “flattening” of the world’s economic playing field. Yet the pursuit of profit hasn’t always moved us forward. From slavery to organized crime, Carlen explores how entrepreneurship can sometimes work at the expense of others. He also discusses the new entrepreneurs who, through the nascent space tourism industry, are leading humanity to a multiplanetary future. By exploring all sides of this legacy, Carlen brings much-needed detail to the role of entrepreneurship in revolutionizing civilization.

scholarly journals The history of legal regulation of metallic monetary systems in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
L. L. Arzumanova ◽  
A. O. Logvencheva
Keyword(s):  
Precious Metals ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
World War ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First World ◽  
Bank Notes

The article presents a study of the history of the use of precious metals as the basis of metal monetary systems in Russia.The formation of metal monetary systems in Russia is associated with the need to ensure the release of paper money — notes. In the first part of the article, the use of precious metals for minting coins from the Х century is investigated. before the introduction of bank notes in 1768.Further, after analyzing the primary measures for providing bank notes with precious metals, it is substantiated that in the Russian Empire the regulatory consolidation of the transition to metal monetary systems occurred only in the ХIХ century. According to the results of the reforms: E. F. Kankrin, during which silver monometallism was established, then — S. Yu. Witte, in the framework of which the transition to the gold standard, which existed before the First World War in 1914, was carried out.

John Cotton and the Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Profile of Experiential Individualism in American Puritanism

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-349
Author(s):  
Michael Jinkins
Keyword(s):  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
Evangelical Christianity ◽  
Personal Saving ◽  
Antinomian Controversy ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Massachusetts Bay Colony ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Orientation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

There is much going on in the modern religious scene, particularly in America under the name of ‘Evangelical Christianity’, that seems strange to those of us whose Church experience is shaped more emphatically by an Old-World Presbyterian, Anglican or Lutheran theological orientation. The emphasis upon the individual and the individual's personal ‘saving’ experience sounds strange to ears more attuned to social responsibility and the development of the Christian character in the nurture of the Church community. Where does this emphasis on the individual and his or her personal experience come from? And how did it come to be so much a part of American Church life? Both of these questions could introduce ponderous volumes of social, historical and theological research. But, generally speaking, this tendency to reduce the religious life to an experience of salvation can be traced to the era in the history of dogma which gave rise to Reformed Scholasticism. On the American continent, this approach to Christian faith was promoted by the early Puritan settlers in the context of their own theological concern to maintain a particular manifestation of the nature-grace dichotomy which stressed the legal duly of the individual Christian, and to gain a sense of assurance of election, however elusive that sense might be. While it is well beyond the limitations of this brief essay to trace the development of the Puritan theological orientation, this study will examine one incident in the life of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to profile the development of this Puritan inclination toward experiential individualism which, in various forms, still endures.

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