Nursery for Planets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chambers ◽  
Jacqueline Mitton
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Protoplanetary Disks ◽  
Young Stars ◽  
Asteroid Belt ◽  
Two Dimensional

This chapter illustrates how the solar system has a decidedly two-dimensional aspect to it. The orbits of the eight major planets all lie in almost the same plane, deviating by no more than seven degrees. Bodies in the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt stray a little further afield, but these belts are arranged like flattened donuts, aligned with the same plane as the planets. Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon de Laplace noted the planar nature of the solar system and used this as the basis for their nebular theories in which the solar system grew out of a flattened disk of matter. Young stars like those in the constellation Orion are often surrounded by disk-shaped clouds of gas and dust. Astronomers quickly dubbed these “protoplanetary” disks, assuming that they will someday form planetary systems.

scholarly journals The Possible Belts for Extrasolar Planetary Systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Ing-Guey Jiang ◽  
M. Duncan ◽  
D.N.C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Extrasolar Planets ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Asteroid Belt ◽  
High Eccentricity ◽  
Kuiper Belt Object ◽  
The Stability

AbstractMore than 100 extrasolar planets have been discovered since the 1990s. Unlike those of the solar system, these planets’ orbital eccentricities cover a huge range from 0 to 0.7. Incidentally, the first Kuiper belt object was discovered in 1992. Thus an interesting and important question will be whether extrasolar planetary systems could have structures like the Kuiper belt or asteroid belt. We investigate the stability of these planetary systems with different orbital eccentricities by similar procedures to Rabl & Dvorak (1988) and Holman & Wiegert (1999). We claim that most extrasolar planetary systems can have their own belts at the outer regions. However, we find that orbits with high eccentricity are very powerful in depletion of these populations.

scholarly journals The Locations of Secular Resonances and the Evolution of Small Solar System Bodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Ch Froeschle ◽  
P. Farinella ◽  
C. Froeschle ◽  
Z. Knežević ◽  
A. Milani
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Asteroid Belt ◽  
Secular Resonances ◽  
Outer Planets ◽  
Proper Elements ◽  
Solar System Bodies

Generalizing the secular perturbation theory of Milani and Knežević (1990), we have determined in the a — e — I proper elements space the locations of the secular resonances between the precession rates of the longitudes of perihelion and node of a small body and the corresponding eigenfrequencies of the secular perturbations of the four outer planets. We discuss some implications of the results for the dynamical evolution of small solar system bodies. In particular, our findings include: (i) the fact that the g = g6 resonance in the inner asteroid belt lies closer than previously assumed to the Flora region, providing a plausible dynamical route to inject asteroid fragments into planet-crossing orbits; (ii) the possible presence of some low-inclination “stable islands” between the orbits of the outer planets; (iii) the fact that none of the secular resonances considered in this work exists for semimajor axes > 50 AU, so that these resonances do not provide a mechanism for transporting inwards possible Kuiper–belt comets.

Zooming in on the Chemistry of Protoplanetary Disks with ALMA

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S332) ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
L. Ilsedore Cleeves
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Protoplanetary Disks ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Young Stars ◽  
Molecular Gas

AbstractDuring the first few ~Myr of a young stars life, it is encircled by a disk made up of molecular gas, dust, and ice – the building blocks for future planetary systems. How/when these disks form planets and what sets the planets initial compositions remain key outstanding questions in disk science. In recent years, major leaps in sensitivity and spatial resolution afforded by the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) have revolutionized our understanding of protoplanetary disks chemical composition and physical properties, revealing in some cases complex radial, vertical, and azimuthal structure in the dust and gas. In this contribution, I review recent observational results and new theoretical puzzles, and how these fit into a newly emerging picture of the disk environment.

scholarly journals Evolusi Bintang pada Pembentukan Tata Surya dan Sistem Keplanetan

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Khilyatul Khoiriyah
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Protoplanetary Disks ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Giant Planets

This research is the literature studies that provide an introduction to the theory of the formation and early evolution of solar system and planetary systems. Theories that discussed are limit on the theory which has been closed to the truth of observation result. Topics include the structure of solar system, star formation, the structure of evolution and dispersal of protoplanetary disks, planetesimals formation, terrestrial and giant planets formation, the formation of the smaller objects in the solar system and planet migration.Penelitian ini merupakan studi literatur yang membahas tentang masalah pembentukan dan evolusi awal tata surya dan sistem keplanetan dengan memberikan konsep dasar yang ringkas. Teori-teori yang dikaji secara khusus dibatasi pada teori yang telah mendekati kebenaran dari hasil pengamatan. Topik yang dibahas adalah struktur tata surya, pembentukan bintang, struktur evolusi dan pembubaran cakram protoplanet, pembentukan planetesimal, planet terestrial dan planet raksasa, pembentukan benda-benda kecil dalam tata surya dan migrasi planet.

scholarly journals The Debiased Kuiper Belt: Our Solar System as a Debris Disk

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (S299) ◽  
pp. 232-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M. Lawler ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Ecliptic Plane ◽  
Asteroid Belt ◽  
Debris Disks ◽  
Disk Model ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Debris Disk

AbstractThe dust measured in debris disks traces the position of planetesimal belts. In our Solar System, we are also able to measure the largest planetesimals directly and can extrapolate down to make an estimate of the dust. The zodiacal dust from the asteroid belt is better constrained than the only rudimentary measurements of Kuiper belt dust. Dust models will thus be based on the current orbital distribution of the larger bodies which provide the collisional source. The orbital distribution of many Kuiper belt objects is strongly affected by dynamical interactions with Neptune, and the structure cannot be understood without taking this into account. We present the debiased Kuiper belt as measured by the Canada-France Ecliptic Plane Survey (CFEPS). This model includes the absolute populations for objects with diameters >100 km, measured orbital distributions, and size distributions of the components of the Kuiper belt: the classical belt (hot, stirred, and kernel components), the scattering disk, the detached objects, and the resonant objects (1:1, 5:4, 4:3, 3:2 including Kozai subcomponent, 5:3, 7:4, 2:1, 7:3, 5:2, 3:1, and 5:1). Because a large fraction of known debris disks are consistent with dust at Kuiper belt distances from the host stars, the CFEPS Kuiper belt model provides an excellent starting point for a debris disk model, as the dynamical interactions with planets interior to the disk are well-understood and can be precisely modelled using orbital integrations.

Chemical evolution of planetary materials in a dynamic solar nebula

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S350) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Fred J. Ciesla
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Chemical Evolution ◽  
Planet Formation ◽  
Solar Nebula ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Protoplanetary Disks ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Planetary Materials

AbstractAs observational facilities improve, providing new insights into the chemistry occurring in protoplanetary disks, it is important to develop more complete pictures of the processes that shapes the chemical evolution of materials during this stage of planet formation. Here we describe how primitive meteorites in our own Solar System can provide insights into the processes that shaped planetary materials early in their evolution around the Sun. In particular, we show how this leads us to expect protoplanetary disks to be very dynamic objects and what modeling and laboratory studies are needed to provide a more complete picture for the early chemical evolution that occurs for planetary systems.

scholarly journals Enrichment of the HR 8799 planets by minor bodies and dust

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateryna Frantseva ◽  
Michael Mueller ◽  
Petr Pokorný ◽  
Floris F. S. van der Tak ◽  
Inge Loes ten Kate
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
Asteroid Belt ◽  
Refractory Materials ◽  
Exoplanetary Systems ◽  
Main Asteroid Belt ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

<p>Are minor bodies and dust delivering volatile and/or refractory materials in exoplanetary systems?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p> <p>Around ~20% of the nearest stars are found to host analogues of the main asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt. Our aim is to study the possibility of material delivery through minor bodies and dust to the planetary surfaces. To shed light on these delivery processes we extrapolate our Solar System scenarios to the exoplanetary system HR 8799. The system is known to host four giant planets and two belts of minor bodies.</p> <p>We performed a set of N-body simulations to study the impact rates of minor bodies and dust on the HR 8799 planets. We find that the planets suffer impacts by objects from the inner and outer belt. We convert these to volatile and refractory delivery rates using our best estimates of the total mass contained in the belts and their volatile/refractory content. Over their lifetime, the four giant planets receive between 10<sup>-4</sup> and 10<sup>-3 </sup>M<sub>Earth</sub> of material from both belts. This delivery leads to volatile and refractory enrichment of the planets that may be observable. Since the four giants HR 8799 e, d, c, b are located beyond the snow line (and presumably formed there), we expect them to be born volatile-rich. Therefore any future detection of refractories might imply delivery through impacts.</p>

scholarly journals Dynamical Evolution of the Early Solar System

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nesvorný
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
Asteroid Belt ◽  
Dynamical Instability ◽  
Orbital Energy ◽  
Interstellar Space ◽  
Early Solar System ◽  
Planetary Migration

Several properties of the Solar System, including the wide radial spacing of the giant planets, can be explained if planets radially migrated by exchanging orbital energy and momentum with outer disk planetesimals. Neptune's planetesimal-driven migration, in particular, has a strong advocate in the dynamical structure of the Kuiper belt. A dynamical instability is thought to have occurred during the early stages with Jupiter having close encounters with a Neptune-class planet. As a result of the encounters, Jupiter acquired its current orbital eccentricity and jumped inward by a fraction of an astronomical unit, as required for the survival of the terrestrial planets and from asteroid belt constraints. Planetary encounters also contributed to capture of Jupiter Trojans and irregular satellites of the giant planets. Here we discuss the dynamical evolution of the early Solar System with an eye to determining how models of planetary migration/instability can be constrained from its present architecture. Specifically, we review arguments suggesting that the Solar System may have originally contained a third ice giant on a resonant orbit between Saturn and Uranus. This hypothesized planet was presumably ejected into interstellar space during the instability. The Kuiper belt kernel and other dynamical structures in the trans-Neptunian region may provide evidence for the ejected planet. We favor the early version of the instability where Neptune migrated into the outer planetesimal disk within a few tens of millions of years after the dispersal of the protosolar nebula. If so, the planetary migration/instability was not the cause of the Late Heavy Bombardment. Mercury's orbit may have been excited during the instability.

From Dust to Life

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chambers ◽  
Jacqueline Mitton
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Extrasolar Planets ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Emergence Of Life

The birth and evolution of our solar system is a tantalizing mystery that may one day provide answers to the question of human origins. This book tells the remarkable story of how the celestial objects that make up the solar system arose from common beginnings billions of years ago, and how scientists and philosophers have sought to unravel this mystery down through the centuries, piecing together the clues that enabled them to deduce the solar system's layout, its age, and the most likely way it formed. Drawing on the history of astronomy and the latest findings in astrophysics and the planetary sciences, the book offers the most up-to-date and authoritative treatment of the subject available. It examines how the evolving universe set the stage for the appearance of our Sun, and how the nebulous cloud of gas and dust that accompanied the young Sun eventually became the planets, comets, moons, and asteroids that exist today. It explores how each of the planets acquired its unique characteristics, why some are rocky and others gaseous, and why one planet in particular—our Earth—provided an almost perfect haven for the emergence of life. The book takes readers to the very frontiers of modern research, engaging with the latest controversies and debates. It reveals how ongoing discoveries of far-distant extrasolar planets and planetary systems are transforming our understanding of our own solar system's astonishing history and its possible fate.

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