Microfoundations

Who Fights for Reputation ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 44-66

Author(s):

Keren Yarhi-Milo ◽

Joshua D. Kertzer

Keyword(s):

International Conflict ◽

Use Of Force ◽

Mechanical Turk ◽

Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Survey Experiments ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Military Engagement ◽

Domestic Support ◽

The Relationship

This chapter presents two cross-national survey experiments that explore the relationship between self-monitoring characteristics, beliefs about the efficacy of force, and concerns for reputation for resolve. The first survey consists of two thousand American adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), whereas the second survey is conducted on a nationally representative sample of Israeli Jewish adults. Obtaining almost identical results in each study, the chapter found that the interaction between self-monitoring and general predispositions toward the use of force produces systematic differences in support for the use of force. These findings carry significant implications for the ability of leaders to mobilize domestic support for the use of force: when leaders are able to frame an international conflict in reputational terms, a segment of the population that would not otherwise be convinced about the use of force is likely to become more supportive of military engagement.

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“YES, I WILL WORK ON MY FREE TIME” – DIGITAL WORK ON AMAZON MECHANICAL TURK AS THE HISTORICAL CONTINUATION OF THE EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN'S LABOR

AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research ◽

10.5210/spir.v2021i0.12213 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bruno Moreschi ◽

Amanda Jurno ◽

Monique Lemos

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Gender Issues ◽

Mechanical Turk ◽

Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽

Women's Labor ◽

Late Capitalism ◽

Digital Work ◽

And Gender ◽

The University ◽

The Relationship

In this proposal, we pursue an approximation to Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) women workers to understand their specificities and their layers of dependence in this environment so pertinent to the “late capitalism” (Crary 2016). AMT is an online platform where workers perform low-paid services that cannot be efficiently automated. Since 2019, in the Group [Anonymized excerpt], at the University [Anonymized excerpt], we have carried out projects where we approach these workers in an attempt to understand their routines, desires and the future of work itself. In our experiences, it has become evident that women turkers tend to be even more precarious due to gender issues passed to AMT. Also we concluded that AMT help keeping the women labor power available for unpaid domestic services and, at the same time, make it profitable for several companies. To understand more about them, we conducted a survey with 53 women turkers and systematized their responses. We approached some of them to understand the relationship between Artificial Intelligence and gender issues, and also ways of better working conditions and more autonomy for these women workers.

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Who Fights for Reputation

10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Keren Yarhi-Milo

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Impression Management ◽

Use Of Force ◽

Military Force ◽

Political Leaders ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

National Leaders ◽

Foreign Policy Crises ◽

Image Enhancing ◽

Military Engagement

This book provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, the book draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. It examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns. Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of US presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, the book disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, it demonstrates that a decision-maker’s propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage. This book offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige.

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Does Counter-Attitudinal Information Cause Backlash? Results from Three Large Survey Experiments

British Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0007123418000327 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1497-1515 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Andrew Guess ◽

Alexander Coppock

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Mechanical Turk ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

Survey Experiments ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Favorable Conditions ◽

Large Survey

AbstractSeveral theoretical perspectives suggest that when individuals are exposed to counter-attitudinal evidence or arguments, their pre-existing opinions and beliefs are reinforced, resulting in a phenomenon sometimes known as ‘backlash’. This article formalizes the concept of backlash and specifies how it can be measured. It then presents the results from three survey experiments – two on Mechanical Turk and one on a nationally representative sample – that find no evidence of backlash, even under theoretically favorable conditions. While a casual reading of the literature on information processing suggests that backlash is rampant, these results indicate that it is much rarer than commonly supposed.

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Agreement and Trust: in Narratives or Narrators?

10.15788/npf4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Donna L. Lybecker ◽

◽

Mark K. McBeth ◽

Jessica M. Sargen ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Working Class ◽

Mechanical Turk ◽

Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Class Climate ◽

Narrative Policy Framework ◽

The Relationship ◽

Narrative Element

Narratives concerning the working class and their relationship to climate change are important. In particular, how the narrative constructs the relationship and, within this, who communicates a narrative (the narrator) is key. That said, this is a less studied element; the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) has limited research on narrators. Subsequently, this work examines individuals’ support of narratives and narrators using an Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) survey of 435 participants. After pretesting for climate change views, the subjects chose which narrator they expected to agree with: Mechanic Pat or Organic Farmer Chris. Through randomization, subjects joined either a congruent treatment group (Mechanic Pat tells the anti-climate change narrative and Organic Farmer Chris tells the pro-climate change narrative) or an incongruent treatment group (Mechanic Pat tells the pro-climate change narrative and Organic Farmer Pat tells the anti-climate change narrative). Results indicate that before reading the narratives, climate change “devotees” (those who agree that climate change is occurring and is human-caused) thought they would agree with Organic Farmer Chris over Mechanic Pat. Whereas there was division in the climate change “skeptics” (those who disagree that climate change is real and human-caused) on the question of what narrator they thought they would agree with. Devotees significantly supported the pro-climate change working-class narrative when told by Organic Farmer Chris as compared to when Mechanic Pat told the same narrative. Further showing the power of a narrator, devotees supported the anti-working class climate change narrative more when told by Organic Farmer Chris rather than when Mechanic Pat told the same narrative. Our findings demonstrate that narrators matter and suggest that the NPF needs to consider narrators as a narrative element worthy of further study.

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Pro-environmental behaviors correlate with delay discounting

10.31235/osf.io/db2gy ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shahabeddin Sahraeian ◽

Iman Khan Ahmadi ◽

Hashem Sadeghiyeh

Keyword(s):

Delay Discounting ◽

Environmental Behavior ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Temporal Discounting ◽

Mechanical Turk ◽

Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Environmental Behaviors ◽

Demographic Traits ◽

The Relationship

A total of 138 participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk to evaluate the relationship between temporal discounting and pro-environmental behavior. Pro-environmental behavior was assessed by using a modified version of Whitmarsh and O'Neill survey. Temporal discounting was assessed by Kirby's 27-item delay-discounting measure. The results showed a positive trend correlation between pro-environmental behavior and temporal discounting; i.e. the more discounting of the future was correlated with less pro-environmental behavior. This trend became much more significant when we just analyzed those participants who answered "Yes" to the question "Do you think climate change is something that is affecting or is going to affect you, personally?" to which 98 out of 138 participants of our study answered "yes". For this upper %70 of participants the Pearson correlation coefficient was r = 0.28; p = 0.006. We also analyzed different demographic traits to see whether there is any difference between sub-groups regarding differential pro-environmental behaviors. Two features turned out to be highly predictive of the pro-environmental behavior: education and marriage. Married and higher educated tend to act more pro-environmentally than single and lower educated.

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When Should a Brand Cut Ties With a Scandalized Endorser?

Communication & Sport ◽

10.1177/2167479519826054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 215-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shintaro Sato ◽

Akiko Arai ◽

Yosuke Tsuji ◽

Mark Kay

Keyword(s):

Consumer Attitudes ◽

Mechanical Turk ◽

Response Strategy ◽

Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽

Consumer Attitude ◽

Consumer Evaluations ◽

Strategy Type ◽

The Relationship ◽

Celebrity Endorsers

It is important for brands to appropriately respond when their athlete endorsers are involved in a scandal. The present study examines how consumer evaluations of endorsed brands are influenced by a brand’s response to an endorser scandal. A 2 (brand response strategy type: maintenance vs. termination) × 2 (endorser scandal type: competence-relevant vs. competence-irrelevant) between-subjects experiment is conducted. Specifically, the authors focus on the perceived appropriateness of the response strategy and consumer attitudes toward an endorsed brand. Subjects were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk ( N = 111). Consumers perceive that terminating an endorsement contract with a scandalized endorser is more appropriate than maintaining the relationship. This is particularly true when celebrity endorsers are involved in competence-relevant scandals. A further analysis provided support for the idea that perceived “appropriateness” mediates the relationship between competence-relevant scandal and consumer attitude toward an endorsed brand. A termination strategy was considered appropriate when scandalized endorsers engaged in competence-relevant scandals, which eventually lead to more favorable consumer evaluations toward an endorsed brand.

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Revisiting white backlash: Does race affect death penalty opinion?

Research & Politics ◽

10.1177/2053168017751250 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 205316801775125 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ryden Butler ◽

Brendan Nyhan ◽

Jacob M. Montgomery ◽

Michelle Torres

Keyword(s):

Death Penalty ◽

Capital Punishment ◽

Original Study ◽

Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽

Time Sharing ◽

Policy Domain ◽

The Social ◽

White Backlash ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Relationship

Peffley and Hurwitz’s article “Persuasion and resistance: Race and the death penalty in America” is an influential study demonstrating the effects of race on death penalty attitudes. White respondents were found to increase their approval for capital punishment when informed that it disproportionately affects African-Americans. We present results from two studies, including one conducted on a nationally representative sample, that fail to find support for this finding. Our first study, which was conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk, consists of an exact replication as well as an additional manipulation that strengthens the treatment by adding information about a specific black (versus a white) defendant to the stimulus. However, we fail to elicit the backlash effect found in the original study using either manipulation despite having nearly three times the sample size. These findings are mirrored by replication data from a Time-sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences survey that closely replicates Peffley and Hurwitz’s race framing treatment. The results from these studies suggest that the relationship between racial stimuli and death penalty support has changed since the original study, that racial backlash effects in this policy domain are not as robust as previously assumed, or both.

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Assessing the User Experience of Video Games: Relationships Between Three Scales

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1071181319631300 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 1488-1492

Author(s):

William J. Shelstad ◽

Barbara S. Chaparro ◽

Joseph R. Keebler

Keyword(s):

Video Games ◽

Reliability Analysis ◽

User Experience ◽

Video Game ◽

Mechanical Turk ◽

Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽

Online Research ◽

Scale Reliability ◽

Strong Competition ◽

The Relationship

With so many video games being released, there is strong competition among developers to create the most successful games. Questionnaires are one tool that can be used to measure aspects of a video game like perceived flow, presence, engagement, and controls. The current study investigated the relationship between several user experience scales and their subscales: UEQ-S, GUESS-24, and the ENJOY for six popular video games. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and a university online research pool. Scale reliability analysis was conducted to ensure for internal consistency of the scales with Cronbach’s α. The relationships between the scales and subscales were analyzed using Pearson’s product correlations. Overall, the analysis showed a number of significant correlations between the UEQ-S, GUESS-24, and ENJOY. Evidence of uniqueness with each scale was also shown. Recommendations on which scale to use are discussed.

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