scholarly journals OROK OR ULTA: NOTES TO THE ETHNONYM AND ETHNOGENESIS

Author(s):  
Гарегин Суренович Вртанесян

Ороки — жители Сахалина, говорящие на одном из тунгусо-маньчжурских языков (южная группа), близкого к ульчскому и нанайскому. Не позднее конца XVII века они заселили Сахалин, практикуя транспортное оленеводство, в сочетании с охотой, рыболовством и добычей морского зверя. Цель работы, — анализ некоторых фактов, оказавшихся вне поля зрения предшественников. Это особый счет возраста оленей, который сближает их с восточными эвенами, структура календаря, имеющая аналогии с календарями амурских эвенков (название января), и с календарями орочей, ульчей и негидальцев (названия летних месяцев). Мозаичность ороков (субэтносы), наряду с особенностями природных условий острова и длительной изоляцией, обеспечили своеобразие космогонических представлений, пантеона, базовых ритуалов (летний медвежий праздник и др.). Выявлено существование названия северного оленя, в форме (ы,у,и)л(в/б)(э/е)л у коряков, юкагиров, чукчей, алеутов, чуванцев, северных хантов, тундровых ненцев с неизвестной этимологией (кроме ненецкого тундрового илебць — средство к жизни). Орокское название дикого оленя сиро можно связать с подготовкой к гону (обдирка рогов сирки / ситчи) взрослых самцов дикого оленя. Название домашнего оленя (ула/я) у ороков, ранее возводимое к понятию река (ул / уил), близко к алеутскому улинах, северохантыйскому ули и иле в тундровом диалекте юкагирского, могло быть заимствовано пра — «ороками» напрямую, или через промежуточную контактную группу, на Саяно-Алтае, или в процессе миграции на восток. Данные популяционной генетики, роднят их с этносами Саяно-Алтая (тувинцы-тоджинцы, тофалары и др.) практикующих до сих пор охоту, собирательство и кочевое транспортное оленеводство. Примерно близкий (и невысокий 11,5–17,4 %), уровень частотности «тунгусской» гаплогруппы С, у ороков, ульчей, удэгейцев, негидальцев, указывает, по-видимому, на малое участие эвенкиек в формировании мтДНК ороков (женский генофонд). Oroks are residents of Sakhalin who speak one of the Tungus-Manchu languages (southern group), close to Ulchi and Nanai. Since the end of the 16th century, they have inhabited Sakhalin, practicing transport reindeer husbandry, combined with hunting, fishing and hunting of sea animals. The purpose of this work is to analyze some facts that were out of the field of view of their predecessors. This is a special account of the age of deer, which brings them closer to the Eastern evens, a calendar structure that has analogies with the calendars of the Amur Evenks (the name of January), and with the calendars of the Orochi, Ulchi and Negidals (the names of the summer months). Mosaic Oroks (subethnoses), along with the peculiarities of the island's natural conditions and long-term isolation, provided the uniqueness of cosmogonic representations, Pantheon, basic rituals (summer bear festival, etc.). The existence of the name of the reindeer, in the form *(I, u,e)l(v/b) (э/e)l in Koryaks, Yukagirы, Chukchis, Aleuts, Chuvans, Northern Khants, tundra Nenets with unknown etymology (except for the Nenets tundra ilebts — a means to life). The name of the wild deer siro can be associated with the preparation for the rut (stripping the horns of sirki / sitchе) of adult male wild deer. The name of the domestic deer (ula / ylja) among the Oroks, previously raised to the concept of river (ul / uil), close to the Aleutian ulinakh, North Khanty uli and Il in the tundra dialect of Yukagir, could be borrowed by the Oroks directly, or through an intermediate contact group. Data from population genetics make them related to the ethnic groups of the Sayano-Altai (tuvians-todzhins, tofalars, etc.) who still practice hunting, gathering, and nomadic transport reindeer husbandry. The approximately close (and low) frequency level of Tungusian haplogroup C in Oroks, Ulchi, Udege, and Negidals (frequency within 11.5–17.4%) seems to indicate a small participation of Evenki in the formation of mt DNA of Oroks (female gene pool).

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Clarençon ◽  
Sonia Pellissier ◽  
Valérie Sinniger ◽  
Astrid Kibleur ◽  
Dominique Hoffman ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1852
Author(s):  
Yiren Wang ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
Wanyi Xie ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Zhenyu Gao ◽  
...  

The formation and evolution of clouds are associated with their thermodynamical and microphysical progress. Previous studies have been conducted to collect images using ground-based cloud observation equipment to provide important cloud characteristics information. However, most of this equipment cannot perform continuous observations during the day and night, and their field of view (FOV) is also limited. To address these issues, this work proposes a day and night clouds detection approach integrated into a self-made thermal-infrared (TIR) all-sky-view camera. The TIR camera consists of a high-resolution thermal microbolometer array and a fish-eye lens with a FOV larger than 160°. In addition, a detection scheme was designed to directly subtract the contamination of the atmospheric TIR emission from the entire infrared image of such a large FOV, which was used for cloud recognition. The performance of this scheme was validated by comparing the cloud fractions retrieved from the infrared channel with those from the visible channel and manual observation. The results indicated that the current instrument could obtain accurate cloud fraction from the observed infrared image, and the TIR all-sky-view camera developed in this work exhibits good feasibility for long-term and continuous cloud observation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-59
Author(s):  
Jim van der Meulen

AbstractThis article charts the long-term development of seigneurial governance within the principality of Guelders in the Low Countries. Proceeding from four quantitative cross-sections (c. 1325, 1475, 1540, 1570) of seigneurial lordships, the conclusion is that seigneurial governance remained stable in late medieval Guelders. The central argument is that this persistence of seigneurial governance was an effect of active collaboration between princely administrations, lords, and local communities. Together, the princely government and seigneuries of Guelders formed an integrated, yet polycentric, state. The article thereby challenges the narrative of progressive state centralisation that predominates in the historiography of pre-modern state formation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
Weijian Zong ◽  
Runlong Wu ◽  
Shiyuan Chen ◽  
Junjie Wu ◽  
Hanbin Wang ◽  
...  

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Komatsu ◽  
S. Nakajima ◽  
K. Toyama

1. Intracellular recording was made from layer II-III cells in slice preparations of kitten (30-40 days old) visual cortex. Low-frequency (0.1 Hz) stimulation of white matter (WM) usually evoked an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) followed by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). The postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) showed strong dependence on stimulus frequency. Early component of EPSP and IPSP evoked by weak stimulation both decreased monotonically at frequencies greater than 0.5-1 Hz. Strong stimulation similarly depressed the early EPSP at higher frequencies (greater than 2 Hz) and replaced the IPSP with a late EPSP, which had a maximum amplitude in the stimulus frequency range of 2-5 Hz. 2. Very weak WM stimulation sometimes evoked EPSPs in isolation from IPSPs. The falling phase of the EPSP revealed voltage dependence characteristic to the responses mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and was depressed by application of an NMDA antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), whereas the rising phase of the EPSP was insensitive to APV. 3. The early EPSPs followed by IPSPs were insensitive to APV but were replaced with a slow depolarizing potential by application of a non-NMDA antagonist 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), indicating that the early EPSP is mediated by non-NMDA receptors. The slow depolarization was mediated by NMDA receptors because it was depressed by membrane hyperpolarization or addition of APV. 4. The late EPSP evoked by higher-frequency stimulation was abolished by APV, indicating that it is mediated by NMDA receptors, which are located either on the recorded cell or on presynaptic cells to the recorded cells. 5. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of EPSPs was examined in cells perfused with solutions containing 1 microM bicuculline methiodide (BIM), a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. WM was stimulated at 2 Hz for 15 min as a conditioning stimulus to induce LTP, and the resultant changes were tested by low-frequency (0.1 Hz) stimulation of WM. 6. LTP of early EPSPs occurred in more than one-half of the cells (8/13) after strong conditioning stimulation. The rising slope of the EPSP was increased 1.6 times on average. 7. To test involvement of NMDA receptors in the induction of LTP in the early EPSP, the effect of conditioning stimulation was studied in a solution containing 100 microM APV, which was sufficient to block completely synaptic transmission mediated by NMDA receptors. LTP occurred in the same frequency and magnitude as in control solution.


2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1948-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Garcia-Herrera ◽  
D. Barriopedro ◽  
E. Hernández ◽  
H. F. Diaz ◽  
R. R. Garcia ◽  
...  

Abstract The authors present a chronology of El Niño (EN) events based on documentary records from northern Peru. The chronology, which covers the period 1550–1900, is constructed mainly from primary sources from the city of Trujillo (Peru), the Archivo General de Indias in Seville (Spain), and the Archivo General de la Nación in Lima (Peru), supplemented by a reassessment of documentary evidence included in previously published literature. The archive in Trujillo has never been systematically evaluated for information related to the occurrence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Abundant rainfall and river discharge correlate well with EN events in the area around Trujillo, which is very dry during most other years. Thus, rain and flooding descriptors, together with reports of failure of the local fishery, are the main indicators of EN occurrence that the authors have searched for in the documents. A total of 59 EN years are identified in this work. This chronology is compared with the two main previous documentary EN chronologies and with ENSO indicators derived from proxy data other than documentary sources. Overall, the seventeenth century appears to be the least active EN period, while the 1620s, 1720s, 1810s, and 1870s are the most active decades. The results herein reveal long-term fluctuations in warm ENSO activity that compare reasonably well with low-frequency variability deduced from other proxy data.


Author(s):  
Neil Bates ◽  
David Lee ◽  
Clifford Maier

This paper describes case studies involving crack detection in-line inspections and fitness for service assessments that were performed based on the inspection data. The assessments were used to evaluate the immediate integrity of the pipeline based on the reported features and the long-term integrity of the pipeline based on excavation data and probabilistic SCC and fatigue crack growth simulations. Two different case studies are analyzed, which illustrate how the data from an ultrasonic crack tool inspection was used to assess threats such as low frequency electrical resistance weld seam defects and stress corrosion cracking. Specific issues, such as probability of detection/identification and the length/depth accuracy of the tool, were evaluated to determine the suitability of the tool to accurately classify and size different types of defects. The long term assessment is based on the Monte Carlo method [1], where the material properties, pipeline details, crack growth parameters, and feature dimensions are randomly selected from certain specified probability distributions to determine the probability of failure versus time for the pipeline segment. The distributions of unreported crack-related features from the excavation program are used to distribute unreported features along the pipeline. Simulated crack growth by fatigue, SCC, or a combination of the two is performed until failure by either leak or rupture is predicted. The probability of failure calculation is performed through a number of crack growth simulations for each of the reported and unreported features and tallying their respective remaining lives. The results of the probabilistic analysis were used to determine the most effective and economical means of remediation by identifying areas or crack mechanisms that contribute most to the probability of failure.


2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. A-20
Author(s):  
Judith E. Baars ◽  
Ernst J. Kuipers ◽  
Ruud Beukers ◽  
Adriaan C. Tan ◽  
Bas L. Weusten ◽  
...  

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