scholarly journals LOUIS DE CASENEUVE’S ΔΩΔΕΚΆΚΡΟΥΝΟΣ HIEROGLYPHICORUM ET MEDICORUM EMBLEMATUM: EMBLEMS AS A LANGUAGE OF THE 17TH CENTURY MEDICINE

Author(s):  
Павел Валерьевич Соколов ◽  
Юлия Владимировна Иванова

Статья посвящена почти неизвестному в исследовательской литературе барочному эмблематическому трактату «Δωδεκάκρουνος. Двенадцатиструйный источник иероглифических и медицинских эмблем» (1626) французского медика Луи де Казнёва (?–1645), принадлежащему к дискурсивной формации гуманистической медицины – области ученой культуры раннего Нового времени, возникшей в первой половине XVI столетия и продолжавшей существовать, постепенно маргинализируясь, по крайней мере до начала эпохи Просвещения. Трактат де Казнёва охватывает все значимые разделы и сюжеты современной автору медицины: первая из эмблем выступает символическим изображением самого трактата, следующие четыре представляют темпераменты, три посвящены разного рода патологиям (одна – гуморальной патологии, еще одна представляет собой своего рода «патологическую энциклопедию», третья – умственным расстройствам и дурным страстям), одна – терапии и еще одна – прославлению врача и врачебного искусства. «Двенадцатиструйный источник», как кажется, является единственным в своем роде идеографическим словарем медицины начала XVII столетия – других сочинений, которые были бы сходны с ним по жанру, нам обнаружить не удалось. Мы анализируем это сочинение на фоне масштабных трансформаций в ученой культуре XVI–XVII веков: расцвета и упадка «эмблематического мышления», появления новаторских форм экфрасиса и менипповой сатиры, рождения медицины, основанной на практиках наблюдения. Сочинение де Казнёва рассматривается как специфический гибрид нескольких жанров ученой литературы раннего Нового времени: эмблематического трактата, экфрасиса, медицинского учебника, ученой мениппеи. Демонстрируется, как де Казнёв, создавая в своем трактате резервуар визуальных топосов гуманистической медицины, использует для этого синтез разных форм воплощения и трансформации смысла (в раннее Новое время существовал специальный термин для обозначения модификации смысла невербальными средствами: restrictio). Это были такие формы, как создание виртуальных анаморфических ландшафтов, вольная комбинация почерпнутых у античных авторов мифологических архетипов, использование métaphores mutuelles. Предметом специального внимания стало проблематическое сопряжение в трактате разных эпистемологических программ: перипатетизма, вульгаризованного платонизма и герметизма. Кроме того, виртуальные ландшафты, которые открываются перед читателем в эмблемах и эпиграммах де Казнёва, рассматриваются в контексте ранненововременного феномена «философских садов» – «садов знания», как раз в начале XVII века стремительно эволюционирующих от барочной эстетики удивления, meraviglia, к этосу наблюдения, классификации и эксперимента. В приложении к статье приводится поэтический перевод эпиграмм ко всем тринадцати эмблемам трактата. The article deals with one of the most magnificent samples of the early 17th century emblematic literature – Δωδεκάκρουνος Hieroglyphicorum et Medicorum Emblematum (1626) by the French physician Louis de Caseneuve (Lat. Ludovicus Casanova). This text may be considered as the only extant full-scale emblematic treatise in the field of medicine; therefore, its study enables its reader to take a closer look at the early modern medical imaginotheca. The composition of this text aims at encompassing all the traditional branches of medical knowledge: the first emblem symbolically represents the Δωδεκάκρουνος itself; in the following four, the author represents the temperaments, combining their traditional iconographic attributes very freely; other three are dedicated to different pathologies (humoral pathology caused by the excess of black bile, melancholicus aeger; then follows a kind of a “pathological encyclopedia”, a list of the diseases of all the organs of the body; the third one deals with the mental illnesses and evil passions); the penultimate one to the therapy, and the last one to the glorification of physicians and medical science. Δωδεκάκρουνος may be viewed as belonging to the discursive formation of medical humanism – one of the extinct dialects of the early modern learned culture that emerged in the first half of the 16th century in the texts of such authors as Niccolo Leoniceno, Fortunato Liceti, Jean Frenel, and Jakob Schegk. About a century after de Caseneuve’s treatise was published, medical humanism definitely came to an end together with emblematic, humanist dialectics, sacred physics, Ciceronianism, iatrochemistry, Jesuit “middle knowledge”, moral logic, et al. A special focus has been made on the mixture of genres of the learned culture carried out in the treatise: Δωδεκάκρουνος is simultaneously an emblematic treatise, an ekphrasis, a medical manual, and, last but not least, a specific learned “Menippean satire”. The polyvalence of the text, visible in this fusion of genres, is corroborated by a broad use of illusionistic verbal and visual effect – anamorhosis. The anamorphic effect, a conscious ambivalence of signification, may be found not only in the emblems and epigrams, but in the “serious” scientific parts of the text as well. This ambivalence manifests itself in a certain epistemological tension which may be detected throughout the text: the “episteme of similarity”, heavily present all over the treatise, especially in its “humoral” section, coexists with the resolute Aristotelian philosophical credo and the gesture of recognition towards the Hermetic medicine.

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Simonova

An analysis of the body of supplements and continuations written during the first half of the 17th century around Sir Philip Sidney's romance, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, may usefully be approached as a precedent for fan fiction practice. The incomplete nature of the Arcadia as published left a number of textual gaps that were filled by later writers, with many of their works coming to be included within subsequent reissues of the Arcadia itself. The texts discussed include William Alexander and James Johnstoun's supplements to book 3, Richard Belling's Sixth Booke, Anna Weamys's Continuation, Gervase Markham's English Arcadia, and an anonymous Historie of Arcadia in manuscript. Like contemporary fan fiction, these works adopt Sidney's characters and setting in order to fill apparent gaps, propel the story toward a happy ending, or recast it in an altogether different mold. Moreover, the paratextual materials surrounding these texts—including prefaces, dedications, and commendatory poems—provide important evidence about early modern conceptions of authorship, originality, and literary property.


SURG Journal ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Laura Marshall

From the 13th to the 17th century torture became a component of the judicial system, the goal of which was to discover the veracity of the accused. Two primary, competing discourses developed in order to explain the epistemological value of torture, the dicens veritatis and the dicens dubitatis. In the first discourse, torture exists as a producer of legitimate truth, while in the second the use of torture necessarily casts doubt on the obtained confession. This essay examines the ways in which the victim can undermine the torture process through the manipulation of these discourses. This is done within the dicens veritatis when the victim claims innocence and forces the torturer to accept this as truth. Within the dicens dubitatis, this is accomplished by forcing torturers to acknowledge the flawed nature of their own discourse through the telling of lies. The first component of my examination explores the transcripts of the legal proceedings against Domenico Scandella and Jean Bourdil, identifying the differing ways these victims employ both discourses to create a resistance to the torturer’s predetermined narrative of events. The second component scrutinizes the depiction of the body within the philosophical writings of contemporary periods, thereby establishing the epistemological relationship between the body and pain. More broadly, my examination of literary, judicial and philosophical sources interrogates the justification of torture in the Early Modern period, allowing us to gain insight into the historical underpinning of modern sanctions of state-employed torture.


Author(s):  
Csilla Gabor

The study deals with 16th and 17th century Hungarian printed polemical works considering religious disputes a typical form of communication in the age of Reformation and Catholic renewal. Its conceptual framework is the paradigm or research method of the long Reformation as an efficient assistance to the discovery and appreciation of early modern theological-religious diversity. The analysis examines several kinds of communication which occurs in the (religious) dispute, and explores the rules and conventions along which the (verbal) fighting takes place. Research shows that the opponents repeatedly refer to the rules of dialectics refuting each other’s standpoints accusing them of faulty argumentation, i.e., the wrong use of syllogisms. Dialectics is, namely, in this context not the ars with the help of which truth is found but with which evident truth is checked and justified in a way that the opponents can also be educated to follow the right direction.


Author(s):  
Brandon Shaw

Romeo’s well-known excuse that he cannot dance because he has soles of lead is demonstrative of the autonomous volitional quality Shakespeare ascribes to body parts, his utilization of humoral somatic psychology, and the horizontally divided body according to early modern dance practice and theory. This chapter considers the autonomy of and disagreement between the body parts and the unruliness of the humors within Shakespeare’s dramas, particularly Romeo and Juliet. An understanding of the body as a house of conflicting parts can be applied to the feet of the dancing body in early modern times, as is evinced not only by literary texts, but dance manuals as well. The visuality dominating the dance floor provided opportunity for social advancement as well as ridicule, as contemporary sources document. Dance practice is compared with early modern swordplay in their shared approaches to the training and social significance of bodily proportion and rhythm.


The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare and Dance is the first collection of essays to examine the relationship between William Shakespeare and dance. Despite recent academic interest in movement, materiality, and the body—and the growth of dance studies as a disciplinary field—Shakespeare’s employment of dance as both a theatrical device and thematic reference point remains under-studied. The reimagining of his writing as dance works is also neglected as a subject for research. Alan Brissenden’s 1981 Shakespeare and the Dance remains the seminal text for those interested in early modern dancing and its appearances within Shakespearean drama, but this new volume provides a single source of reference for dance as both an integral feature of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century culture and as a means of translating Shakespearean text into movement.


1990 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Dekker

SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5843
Author(s):  
Chloé Turpin ◽  
Aurélie Catan ◽  
Olivier Meilhac ◽  
Emmanuel Bourdon ◽  
François Canonne-Hergaux ◽  
...  

The development and progression of atherosclerosis (ATH) involves lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and both vascular and blood cell dysfunction. Erythrocytes, the main circulating cells in the body, exert determinant roles in the gas transport between tissues. Erythrocytes have long been considered as simple bystanders in cardiovascular diseases, including ATH. This review highlights recent knowledge concerning the role of erythrocytes being more than just passive gas carriers, as potent contributors to atherosclerotic plaque progression. Erythrocyte physiology and ATH pathology is first described. Then, a specific chapter delineates the numerous links between erythrocytes and atherogenesis. In particular, we discuss the impact of extravasated erythrocytes in plaque iron homeostasis with potential pathological consequences. Hyperglycaemia is recognised as a significant aggravating contributor to the development of ATH. Then, a special focus is made on glycoxidative modifications of erythrocytes and their role in ATH. This chapter includes recent data proposing glycoxidised erythrocytes as putative contributors to enhanced atherothrombosis in diabetic patients.


1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (17) ◽  
pp. 398-409
Author(s):  
Roger Turner

In this paper I offer some warnings regarding the scheme for alternative episcopal oversight now embodied in the Act of Synod passed by the House of Bishops and published as Appendix B to Ordination of Women to the Priesthood: Pastoral Arrangements. These arrangements provide sacramental care as well as oversight for opponents of the ordination of women to the priesthood. Furthermore, the scheme is intended to serve two purposes: first, to safeguard the position of bishops and other clergy opposed to women's ordination; secondly, to ensure a continuity of such bishops and clergy. That the scheme is flawed becomes apparent when one examines it in the light of an arrangement devised at the end of the 17th century. The arrangement had been intended to secure the episcopal oversight of the body, both clerical and lay, which separated itself from the Church of England in 1690–91. The separation stemmed from its members feeling themselves unable to take the oaths of allegiance to William and Mary; hence the term ‘Nonjurors’.


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