scholarly journals LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN MEDAN CITY, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Rumiris Hutagalung ◽  
Toru Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Freshwater Ecotoxicity ◽  
Change Impact

Medan City already has been having Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) under PDAM Tirtanadi (North Sumatera Government) supervision, namely IPAL Cemara. IPAL Cemara is off-site sewerage system to treat domestic wastewater, includes black and grey water. IPAL Cemara has maximum capacity 60,000 m3/day, but recently, the number of treated households by IPAL Cemara is 18,396 households and the used capacity is less than 10,000 m3/day. This research analyses on operational phase of IPAL Cemara on environmental impacts, starts at wastewater influent from households and ending at release of wastewater effluent and disposal of dry sludge. The phase of reuse or recycle of effluent wastewater and dry sludge, and waste management are not included. Functional unit in this research is treatment of 7,171 m3 wastewater per day for a year. The system boundary starts at wastewater influent and ends at release of wastewater effluent. The characterization factors are tracked based on CML Baseline 2001 and all of data processed by Microsoft Excel. For the result, got that Aerated Pond has removal efficiency of BOD and COD more than 70%, but on the other hand, it is the largest contributor to Climate Change impact because of diesel consumption (16.97%), the amount of CO2 (4,95%), and N2O (4.26%) from biogenic emission, and electricity use (3.04%). The 65% reducing of TSS is occurred in UASB Reactor but UASB Reactor also as contributor for Climate Change impact (16.63%) and Photo-Oxidant Formation impact (29.34%) due to the highest production of CH4. Facultative Pond contributes 49% of Climate Change impact and 31% of Photo-Oxidant Formation impact because of the highest production of CH4. Based on normalized by impact category, Freshwater Ecotoxicity and Eutrophication is the largest environmental impact in a whole system of IPAL Cemara. Freshwater Ecotoxicity caused by 72% CS2 at Release of Wastewater and Eutrophication caused by 41.25% of NH3 and 39.60% of N. It is Align with the result of normalized by Life Cycle Stage, shows that the Release of Wastewater Effluent is the largest contributor to environment in a whole system of IPAL Cemara.

scholarly journals Novel macroalgae (seaweed) biorefinery systems for integrated chemical, protein, salt, nutrient and mineral extractions and environmental protection by green synthesis and life cycle sustainability assessments

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 2635-2655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhuma Sadhukhan ◽  
Siddharth Gadkari ◽  
Elias Martinez-Hernandez ◽  
Kok Siew Ng ◽  
Mobolaji Shemfe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Sustainability Assessments ◽  
First Time

Highly efficient macroalgae based chemical factories and environmental protection have been comprehensively studied for the first time to displace fossil resources to mitigate climate change impact.

scholarly journals A life cycle assessment of reprocessing face masks during the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart van Straten ◽  
S. Ligtelijn ◽  
L. Droog ◽  
E. Putman ◽  
J. Dankelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Circular Design

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic led to threatening shortages in healthcare of medical products such as face masks. Due to this major impact on our healthcare society an initiative was conducted between March and July 2020 for reprocessing of face masks from 19 different hospitals. This exceptional opportunity was used to study the costs impact and the carbon footprint of reprocessed face masks relative to new disposable face masks. The aim of this study is to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to assess and compare the climate change impact of disposed versus reprocessed face masks. In total 18.166 high quality medical FFP2 face masks were reprocessed through steam sterilization between March and July 2020. Greenhouse gas emissions during production, transport, sterilization and end-of-life processes were assessed. The background life cycle inventory data were retrieved from the ecoinvent database. The life cycle impact assessment method ReCiPe was used to translate emissions into climate change impact. The cost analysis is based on actual sterilization as well as associated costs compared to the prices of new disposable face masks. A Monte Carlo sampling was used to propagate the uncertainty of different inputs to the LCA results. The carbon footprint appears to be 58% lower for face masks which were reused for five times compared to new face masks which were used for one time only. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the loading capacity of the autoclave and rejection rate of face masks has a large influence on the carbon footprint. The estimated cost price of a reprocessed mask was €1.40 against €1.55. The Life Cycle Assessment demonstrates that reprocessed FFP2 face masks from a circular economy perspective have a lower climate change impact on the carbon footprint than new face masks. For policymakers it is important to realize that the carbon footprint of medical products such as face masks may be reduced by means of circular economy strategies. This study demonstrated a lower climate change impact and lower costs when reprocessing and reusing disposable face masks for five times. Therefore, this study may serve as an inspiration for investigating reprocessing of other medical products that may become scarce. Finally, this study advocates that circular design engineering principles should be taken into account when designing medical devices. This will lead to more sustainable products that have a lower carbon footprint and may be manufactured at lower costs.

scholarly journals Environmental Impacts of a Pet Dog: An LCA Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3394
Author(s):  
Kim Maya Yavor ◽  
Annekatrin Lehmann ◽  
Matthias Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Freshwater Ecotoxicity ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Freshwater Eutrophication

The number of pet animals in the European Union is increasing over the last decades. Few studies with a limited focus in terms of impacts and life cycle stages exist that assess the environmental impacts of dogs. This paper addresses the entire life cycle of a dog. An LCA study on an average dog was conducted considering the pet food and dog excrements, i.e., urine and feces. Fifteen impact categories were analyzed. An average dog has a climate change and freshwater eutrophication potential of around 8200 kg CO2eq and 5.0 kg Peq., respectively. The main contribution to most impact categories over the dog’s life is caused by pet food. Freshwater eutrophication is mainly determined by the dog´s urine and feces. Feces also have a significant contribution to the category of freshwater ecotoxicity. Impacts increase significantly with increasing weight and a longer lifetime of the dog as well as low collection rates of the feces. This LCA study reveals that pet dogs can have a significant environmental impact, e.g., around 7% of the annual climate change impact of an average EU citizen. Optimizing pet food and increasing the feces´ collection rate can reduce the impacts.

scholarly journals Point source pollution and climate change impact from sequential batch reactor wastewater treatment plant

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Sequential Batch Reactor ◽  
Change Impact

Since sequential batch reactor (SBR) system is sequentially removes carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in a single reactor by maintaining anoxic and aerobic stages, it recently has attracted a great deal of interest. This study evaluates the impact of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with a SBR system on a creek which is the influent tributary to Aegean Sea. Accordingly, this study demonstrates (1) the treatment efficiency of full-scale WWTP; (2) how WWTP influences creek’s water quality from 2012 to 2015; (3) how creek influences receiving body’s water quality; and (4) the potential climate change impact of a SBR treatment system. The study shows that SBR treatment plant complies with standards set by Turkish Legislations with 4-year average of 62 % SS, 71 %BOD, 62 % COD, 32 % TN and 31 % TP removal but the accumulation of pollutants occurs during low flows when point source is dominant. This is the case in the downstream of treated WWTP discharge point. The potential impact of treatment plant on climate change was calculated in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The annual methane emissions from SBR alternated from minimum of 68.71 to maximum 248.99 tCO2e. Total emissions (CH4, N2O and emission due to electricity usage) from a full-scale SBR were calculated as 144.22 tCO2e, 318.34 tCO2e, 474.79 tCO2e and 996.62 tCO2e from 2012 to 2015, respectively.

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