scholarly journals Field trials on the store dressing with rock phosphate

1960 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Pentti Hänninen ◽  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
Annual Application

The possibility of improving the soil phosphorus status by a store dressing with rock phosphate has been studied in two field trials of five years standing. Hyperphosphate Reno was applied to the nurse crop of a red clover-timothy ley in amounts of 0, 1000 kg/ha, or 2000 kg/ha, respectively. The split-plot technique was used to study the response of the ley to an additional annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. The soil analyses distinctly proved that, in spite of a careful working in of the hyperphosphate with a spade harrow, the fertilizer had not penetrated deeper than to the layer from 1 to 3 inches, with a large part of it remaining in the top inch. The treatment with hyperphosphate had mostly increased the fraction of the calcium-bound phosphorus, and, to a very low degree, the aluminium-bound phosphorus. The effect of superphosphate could be detected only in the fractions of aluminium- and iron-bound phosphorus of the surface inch. Although the store dressing did not produce marked responses in the yields of either trial, the statistically significant negative interaction between the effect of it and of superphosphate may be taken to indicate that hyperphosphate was able to improve the phosphorus status of these soils to some degree. The analyses of the hay samples from one of the trials in the fifth experimental year showed that the store dressing, particularly with the higher amount of hyperphosphate was able to increase the phosphorus content of hay to a satisfactory level which was equal to that produced by the annual superphosphate dressing only. Their combined effect resulted in the production of hay dry matter containing more than 0.24 % of P. In one of the experiments the residual effect of the treatments on rye was studied. The response to superphosphate was highly significant, probably owing to the high demands of phosphorus by rye, connected with the overwintering conditions, and also to the fact that ploughing in of the ley had brought superphosphate phosphorus within the reach of the plant roots.

scholarly journals Response of ley plants to rock phosphate and superphosphate

1960 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Pentti Hänninen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Fractionation Procedure

The results of two field trials in which the efficiency of superphosphate phosphorus and rock phosphate (Hyperphosphate Reno) phosphorus were compared on a fine sand soil and a humus soil, did not show any differences in the dry matter yields produced by the two fertilizers within the experimental period including the nurse crop and three years of ley. The analyses of the hay yields harvested from the third year red clover-timothy ley, fairly poor in red clover, proved that the phosphorus content of the hay from the hyperphosphate plots was markedly lower than that of the hay from the superphosphate plots. The respective figures were 0.17 and 0.21 per cent P of dry matter, while the phosphorus content of the hay from the untreated plots was 0.15—0.16 per cent. Red clover seemed to be able to synthesize plant material equally rich in phosphorus both when feeding on superphosphate and when feeding on hyperphosphate. On the other hand, the grasses, in these cases mainly timothy, took up far less phosphorus from hyperphosphate than from superphosphate. The differences in the phosphorus content of the respective plant groups were almost exclusively due to differences in their content of inorganic phosphorus, or phosphorus determined as inorganic forms by the simple fractionation procedure employed. No effect of the different phosphate treatments on the content of ash, calcium, potassium, or nitrogen in the ley plants could be detected. The results of the present study corroborate the earlier observation that on a ley, poor in clover, rock phosphate may produce crops too low in phosphorus for the needs of domestic animals. The results also emphasize that it is important not to judge the response to phosphate fertilizers only on the basis of the dry matter yields.

Effect of heavy store dressing with rock phosphate on a fine sand soil

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Annual Application

Results are reported of a long-term field trial on acid fine sand soil in which the effects of store dressing with rock phosphate in amounts of 0, 4000, 8000, or 12000 kg/ha was studied comparing them with an annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate using the split plot technique. In the first four years, more thoroughly studied, the response to the store dressing with rock phosphate was distinct both in the dry matter yields and the phosphorus content of the cereal and the red clover-timothy hay. The differences between the various rates of rock phosphate treatments were not statistically significant, though there was some tendency to higher results with larger amounts of rock phosphate. The annual applications of superphosphate as surface dressing to the ley did not brought about any significant increase in the dry matter yield of the rock phosphate plots, and although they tended to increase the phosphorus content of hay, the increase was statistically significant only in a few cases. No effect was found on the phosphorus content of barley grain and straw in the ninth experimental year. No differences were found in the calcium, magnesium, or potassium content of the plant samples from the variously treated plots. Nitrogen content of clover and timothy was increased by both rock phosphate and superphosphate, particularly in the first year ley. In this soil, 4000 kg/ha of rock phosphate was effective enough to produce higher dry matter yields of hay, with equal phosphorus content, than the annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. Soil analyses indicated that this soil represented the extreme pattern of phosphorus retention in which applied phosphate is almost completely retained as aluminium bound forms of the fluoride soluble fraction supposed to be fairly available. It was suggested that in soils which retain the slowly dissolving rock phosphate phosphorus mainly as less available iron bound forms, heavy applications of rock phosphate will not be a profitable way to improve the phosphorus conditions.

Rock phosphate and superphosphate as sources of phosphorus for subterranean clover on an acid sandy soil

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Alston ◽  
KW Chin
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Mean

Subterranean clover was grown on an acid sandy soil in a field experiment at Mount Compass, South Australia, where the mean annual rainfall is 837 mm. Rock phosphate and superphosphate were applied at 0 to 66 kg ha-1 P. Dry matter yields and phosphorus uptake by the clover and the phosphorus content of the soil were determined. At given levels of addition of phosphorus, rock phosphate was as effective as superphosphate in increasing dry matter yield and phosphorus uptake by the clover in the year of application. Rock phosphate also increased yield and uptake in subsequent years, but superphosphate had little residual effect. Leaching losses of phosphorus from the top 10 cm of soil during three and a half years were equal to 100 per cent and 80 per cent of that applied in superphosphate at 22 and 66 kg ha-1 P respectively. The corresponding losses where rock phosphate was applied were 80 per cent and 60 per cent. Most of the phosphorus leached from superphosphate was lost within two months of the application.

scholarly journals Residual effect of rock phosphate and superphosphate

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
First Year ◽  
North African ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Significant Attention

Results are reported of the residual effect of North African finely ground rock phosphate and superphosphate in two field trials on acid fine sand and humus soils. During the first seven years of these trials 166 kg P/ha was applied either as rock phosphate or as superphosphate to cereals and mixed leys. Then crops were grown for three years without any application of phosphorus fertilizers. The phosphorus analyses of the soil at the end of the seventh experimental year proved that the largest part of rock phosphate occurred in the acid soluble fraction, probably mainly as unweathered apatite. The superphosphate phosphorus seemed to be accumulated as fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble forms. In the trial on the humus soil of a fairly high productivity, the residual effect of both fertilizers on three oat crops was insignificant. In the trial on the poorer fine sand soil, the residues of both fertilizers produced significant and mutually equal increases in the dry matter yields of the oat crop in the first year and of the hay crops in the second and third years. The tendency to a higher phosphorus content in the graminaceous plants from the superphosphate plots resulted in a higher uptake of phosphorus from these plots as compared with the phosphorus yield from the rock phosphate plots; only in the third year the difference was no more significant. Attention was paid to the good capacity of red clover to use phosphorus of rock phosphate.

THE INFLUENCE OF VARIETY, SOIL TEMPERATURE, AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER ON YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY ALFALFA

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Levesque ◽  
J. W. Ketcheson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Du Puits and Ladak varieties of alfalfa were grown for 10 weeks in the greenhouse on soil-sand media controlled at temperatures of 10°, 18°, and 26 °C. P32-tagged superphosphate was applied at rates of 10 and 80 p.p.m. phosphorus, respectively. Dry matter yields and phosphorus content of the tissue was determined at the end of the growth period. Increasing soil temperature from 10° to 26 °C. caused corresponding increases in total phosphorus uptake as a result of an increase in dry matter yields as well as an increase in the percentage of phosphorus in the plant tissue. Ladak exhibited the higher yield potential although Du Puits was less affected by low soil temperature conditions and appeared capable of making better use of soil phosphorus. With the higher phosphorus application, the root-top ratio for Du Puits was greater than that for Ladak, and the maximum value for this ratio occurred at 18 °C. for each variety. P32 activity measured in the tissue indicated that soil temperature was critical in terms of phosphorus fertilization in the 4- and 6-week stages of growth.

AN EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF APPLIED PHOSPHORUS ON CULTIVATED PASTURES AS MEASURED BY BARLEY FOLLOWING SOD-BREAKING

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
W. K. Dawley
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
Annual Application

The NaHCO3-soluble phosphorus content of a Melfort silty clay soil that had received an annual application of 20 lb N with 40 lb P2O5 per acre for 7 years while in pasture, was increased by 250 per cent as compared with the soluble phosphorus content of soil from unfertilized pastures at the 0- to 3-in. depth. Following 1 year of sod fallow, barley grown on fields that had received P2O5 during the pasture period matured 10 days earlier and yielded 18.4 bu per acre more than unfertilized check pastures.

scholarly journals The effect of incorporation time of different crops on the residual effect on spring cereals

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KÄNKÄNEN ◽  
A. KANGAS ◽  
T. MELA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Spring Cereals

The effect of the time of incorporation of different green manures and barley residues on the grain yield of spring cereals in two successive seasons was studied in seven field trials. Annual hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) and straw of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were incorporated into the soil by ploughing in early September, late October and the following May, and by reduced tillage in May. Spring barley was established in the following spring, and spring oats (Avena sativa L.) one year later. In general the grain yield of spring barley after legumes was similar to that after barley, in spite of the fact that N fertilization was reduced by 40 kg ha-1. The two autumn ploughing treatments resulted in a good yield of spring barley more reliably than did the spring incorporations. Because delayed autumn ploughing did not decrease the grain yield, a delaying procedure can be recommended for its potential of decreasing nitrogen leaching. Spring ploughing could be used on all but clay soils. Incorporating ryegrass or red clover in spring by using reduced tillage often decreased the grain yield of barley. Timing of incorporation did not have a consistent effect on the grain yield of oats in the third experimental year.;

scholarly journals Effect of various kinds of phosphorus fertilizers on a peat soil

1958 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Basic Slag ◽  
P Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizers

Results are reported from a field trial on acid fen peat soil in which the effects of superphosphate and ground soft rock phosphate were compared as annual surface dressing on an old timothy ley. Until 1948 basic slag was used instead of rock phosphate; since that rock phosphate had been applied for ten years. Owing to the large variation in the results from the replicate plots the differences in the phosphorus conditions between the various treatments were less distinct than could have been expected. The accumulation of phosphorus quite in the surface layer was demonstrated. The hay yield produced by the annual dressing with 100 kg/ha of superphosphate in 1957 was equal to that produced by 130 kg/ha of rock phosphate. Also the yields from the treatments with 200 kg/ha of superphosphate or 260 kg/ha of rock phosphate were equal in size, but a significant difference was found in the phosphorus content of hay. In the superphosphate plots the P-content was about 0.21—0.23 per cent of dry matter, whereas in the rock phosphate plots only 0.14—0.15 per cent P in the dry matter was found.

Effect of sowing date on the uptake and utilisation of phosphorus by wheat (cv. Osprey) grown in central New South Wales

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Batten ◽  
N. A. Fettell ◽  
J. A. Mead ◽  
M. A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
A Site

Experiments were sown at Cowra and Condobolin to determine the effect of sowing time (April–June) on the response to and utilisation of phosphorus by the wheat cultivar Osprey which requires vernalisation. Crops sown in April needed only 0–2 kg/ha of applied phosphorus to achieve 90% of the maximum yield for the site. This contrasts with crops sown at the traditional sowing time in May–June which needed from 11.5 kg P/ha, on a site with a moderate soil phosphorus status, to 36 kg P/ha, on a site with a very low soil phosphorus status, to produce 90% of the site maximum yield. Crops sown in April had higher yields and even without applied phosphorus accumulated more phosphorus (kg/ha) than crops sown in June with 40 kg P/ha. Crops sown in April had a lower dry matter harvest index, a lower phosphorus harvest index, produced less grain per kilogram of phosphorus in the shoots at maturity, and had a higher grain phosphorus concentration than crops sown in June. Grain protein was not affected by sowing date or the amount of phosphorus applied at sowing. At 90% of maximum dry matter yield shoots had 0.14–0.20% phosphorus at growth stage 30. The critical concentration of phosphorus in grain at 90% maximum grain yield increased with yield from 0.19 to 0.25% phosphorus. Farmers who sow wheat in April can achieve optimum yields with lower inputs of fertiliser phosphorus. However, this benefit will be offset by a lower phosphorus-use efficiency and more rapid depletion of phosphorus reserves from the soil.

Effectiveness of topdressed and incorporated superphosphate and Duchess rock phosphate for subterranean clover on sandy soils near Esperance Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deep Yellow ◽  
Phosphate Incorporation

In 2 experiments on sandy soil near Esperance, W. A., superphosphate and Duchess (Queensland) apatite rock phosphate were either left on the soil surface after application (topdressed) or incorporated into the top 10 cm of the soil with a rotary hoe (incorporated). One experiment was on Fleming gravelly sand which had a greater capacity to adsorb phosphorus than did the deep yellow sand (Gibson sand) used in the other experiment. Dry matter or seed yield of subterranean clover and phosphorus content of dry herbage or seed were used as indicators of the effectiveness of the phosphorus treatments. Compared with topdressed superphosphate, incorporation of superphosphate did not greatly influence its effectiveness on the Gibson soil, but reduced its effectiveness by about 20% on the Fleming soil. Relative to topdressed rock phosphate, incorporation of rock phosphate almost doubled its effectiveness on the Fleming soil, and improved its effectiveness by about 1.5 times on the Gibson soil. Superphosphate was the more effective fertiliser. Relative to topdressed superphosphate, the effectiveness of topdressed and incorporated Duchess rock phosphate, respectively, was about 15 and 30% on the Fleming soil, and about 25 and 40% on the Gibson soil. There was no evidence of any leaching of phosphorus from Duchess rock phosphate from the 0-10 cm layer of either soil, nor of superphosphate on the Fleming soil. However, on the Gibson soil, there was some leaching of superphosphate to below 10cm, but not below 20 cm.

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