Effect of heavy store dressing with rock phosphate on a fine sand soil

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Annual Application

Results are reported of a long-term field trial on acid fine sand soil in which the effects of store dressing with rock phosphate in amounts of 0, 4000, 8000, or 12000 kg/ha was studied comparing them with an annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate using the split plot technique. In the first four years, more thoroughly studied, the response to the store dressing with rock phosphate was distinct both in the dry matter yields and the phosphorus content of the cereal and the red clover-timothy hay. The differences between the various rates of rock phosphate treatments were not statistically significant, though there was some tendency to higher results with larger amounts of rock phosphate. The annual applications of superphosphate as surface dressing to the ley did not brought about any significant increase in the dry matter yield of the rock phosphate plots, and although they tended to increase the phosphorus content of hay, the increase was statistically significant only in a few cases. No effect was found on the phosphorus content of barley grain and straw in the ninth experimental year. No differences were found in the calcium, magnesium, or potassium content of the plant samples from the variously treated plots. Nitrogen content of clover and timothy was increased by both rock phosphate and superphosphate, particularly in the first year ley. In this soil, 4000 kg/ha of rock phosphate was effective enough to produce higher dry matter yields of hay, with equal phosphorus content, than the annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. Soil analyses indicated that this soil represented the extreme pattern of phosphorus retention in which applied phosphate is almost completely retained as aluminium bound forms of the fluoride soluble fraction supposed to be fairly available. It was suggested that in soils which retain the slowly dissolving rock phosphate phosphorus mainly as less available iron bound forms, heavy applications of rock phosphate will not be a profitable way to improve the phosphorus conditions.

scholarly journals Response of ley plants to rock phosphate and superphosphate

1960 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Pentti Hänninen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Fractionation Procedure

The results of two field trials in which the efficiency of superphosphate phosphorus and rock phosphate (Hyperphosphate Reno) phosphorus were compared on a fine sand soil and a humus soil, did not show any differences in the dry matter yields produced by the two fertilizers within the experimental period including the nurse crop and three years of ley. The analyses of the hay yields harvested from the third year red clover-timothy ley, fairly poor in red clover, proved that the phosphorus content of the hay from the hyperphosphate plots was markedly lower than that of the hay from the superphosphate plots. The respective figures were 0.17 and 0.21 per cent P of dry matter, while the phosphorus content of the hay from the untreated plots was 0.15—0.16 per cent. Red clover seemed to be able to synthesize plant material equally rich in phosphorus both when feeding on superphosphate and when feeding on hyperphosphate. On the other hand, the grasses, in these cases mainly timothy, took up far less phosphorus from hyperphosphate than from superphosphate. The differences in the phosphorus content of the respective plant groups were almost exclusively due to differences in their content of inorganic phosphorus, or phosphorus determined as inorganic forms by the simple fractionation procedure employed. No effect of the different phosphate treatments on the content of ash, calcium, potassium, or nitrogen in the ley plants could be detected. The results of the present study corroborate the earlier observation that on a ley, poor in clover, rock phosphate may produce crops too low in phosphorus for the needs of domestic animals. The results also emphasize that it is important not to judge the response to phosphate fertilizers only on the basis of the dry matter yields.

scholarly journals Field trials on the store dressing with rock phosphate

1960 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Pentti Hänninen ◽  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
Annual Application

The possibility of improving the soil phosphorus status by a store dressing with rock phosphate has been studied in two field trials of five years standing. Hyperphosphate Reno was applied to the nurse crop of a red clover-timothy ley in amounts of 0, 1000 kg/ha, or 2000 kg/ha, respectively. The split-plot technique was used to study the response of the ley to an additional annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. The soil analyses distinctly proved that, in spite of a careful working in of the hyperphosphate with a spade harrow, the fertilizer had not penetrated deeper than to the layer from 1 to 3 inches, with a large part of it remaining in the top inch. The treatment with hyperphosphate had mostly increased the fraction of the calcium-bound phosphorus, and, to a very low degree, the aluminium-bound phosphorus. The effect of superphosphate could be detected only in the fractions of aluminium- and iron-bound phosphorus of the surface inch. Although the store dressing did not produce marked responses in the yields of either trial, the statistically significant negative interaction between the effect of it and of superphosphate may be taken to indicate that hyperphosphate was able to improve the phosphorus status of these soils to some degree. The analyses of the hay samples from one of the trials in the fifth experimental year showed that the store dressing, particularly with the higher amount of hyperphosphate was able to increase the phosphorus content of hay to a satisfactory level which was equal to that produced by the annual superphosphate dressing only. Their combined effect resulted in the production of hay dry matter containing more than 0.24 % of P. In one of the experiments the residual effect of the treatments on rye was studied. The response to superphosphate was highly significant, probably owing to the high demands of phosphorus by rye, connected with the overwintering conditions, and also to the fact that ploughing in of the ley had brought superphosphate phosphorus within the reach of the plant roots.

scholarly journals Residual effect of rock phosphate and superphosphate

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
First Year ◽  
North African ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Significant Attention

Results are reported of the residual effect of North African finely ground rock phosphate and superphosphate in two field trials on acid fine sand and humus soils. During the first seven years of these trials 166 kg P/ha was applied either as rock phosphate or as superphosphate to cereals and mixed leys. Then crops were grown for three years without any application of phosphorus fertilizers. The phosphorus analyses of the soil at the end of the seventh experimental year proved that the largest part of rock phosphate occurred in the acid soluble fraction, probably mainly as unweathered apatite. The superphosphate phosphorus seemed to be accumulated as fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble forms. In the trial on the humus soil of a fairly high productivity, the residual effect of both fertilizers on three oat crops was insignificant. In the trial on the poorer fine sand soil, the residues of both fertilizers produced significant and mutually equal increases in the dry matter yields of the oat crop in the first year and of the hay crops in the second and third years. The tendency to a higher phosphorus content in the graminaceous plants from the superphosphate plots resulted in a higher uptake of phosphorus from these plots as compared with the phosphorus yield from the rock phosphate plots; only in the third year the difference was no more significant. Attention was paid to the good capacity of red clover to use phosphorus of rock phosphate.

Determining the content of nitrogen and some macroelements in the dry mass of perennial leguminous plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Lakić ◽  
Mirjana Žabić ◽  
Tihomir Predić
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The aim of this study was to determine the content of elements N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the dry mass of perennial fodder legumes, mowed in the optimal growth phase. The experiment with perennial legumes of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), red clover (Trifolium pretense) and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) was set up as a random block system in four replicates on valley-brown soil and was conducted for two years. The green mass of perennial legumes in the first and second mowing was harvested at the end of budding/ beginning of flowering phase. In the third and fourth regrowth, mowing of the biomass was done after 5 weeks. Immediately after each mowing, representative sample of green biomass was taken from each replicate of each legume tested. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the dry plant material was determined. The content of nitrogen and potassium in the fodder of alfalfa and red clover was higher in the first year of the study, which was not the case for bird's-foot trefoil. The dry matter of alfalfa on average had the highest content of nitrogen (39.8 g kg-1 DM) and calcium (19.6 g kg-1 DM), bird's-foot trefoil of phosphorus (10.6 g kg-1 DM) and potassium (26.1 g kg-1 DM), and red clover of magnesium (3.7 g kg-1 DM). In the dry mass of bird's-foot trefoil the average content of nitrogen was 39.0 g kg-1 DM, phosphorus 10.6 g kg-1 DM, potassium 26.1 g kg-1 DM, calcium 15.7 g kg-1 DM, and magnesium 3.5 g kg-1 DM.

Laboratory estimates of the nutritive value of some herbaceous native legumes

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (113) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
RDH Cohen ◽  
GPM Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
P Values ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exotic Legumes ◽  
Soil Level

Forty-four accessions of herbaceous native legumes from the genera Glycine and Galactia were grown in a glasshouse in a soil-sand-nutrient mixture that contained adequate phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and molybdenum for plant growth. They were grown as individual plants with four replications of each. All plants were cut to soil level on August 18; regrowth was cut on October 7, November 22 and December 30 (harvests 1,2 and 3). The herbage was dried and analysed for nitrogen (g N/kg OM), phosphorus (g P/kg OM) and organic matter digestibility (% OMD). There were significant differences between the accessions for values of dry matter yield (P<0.001), nitrogen content (P<0.01), phosphorus content (P<0.001) and OMD (P<0.05). The mean nitrogen content declined at each harvest (40.6,33.7 and 31.7 g N/kg OM, respectively; P<0.05) and OMD of the herbage at harvest 3 was less than that at 1 and 2 (70.4, 71.1 and 67.6%, respectively; P<0.05). Herbage from harvest 1 had significantly greater P values than that from harvests 2 and 3 (4.7,4.2 and 4.4 g P/kg OM; P< 0.05). Plant yield was correlated with both nitrogen yield (r = 0.98; P<0.001) and phosphorus yield (r = 0.93; P<0.01) but not with OMD. Nitrogen content and digestibility were correlated (r = 0.48; P<0.01) but neither attribute was significantly correlated with phosphorus content. Samples of native herbaceous legumes belonging to the genera Desmodium and Kennedia and of some exotic legumes were collected from a nursery and analysed for N, P and OMD. The N and P values of all these legumes were in the range 31.9-39.2 g N/kg OM and 3.0-4.1 g P/kg OM, and compared favourably with those of the legumes grown in the glasshouse. The OMD of the exotic legumes (range 61.3-85.2%) compared favourably with those of the native legumes grown in the glasshouse but the natives Desmodium spp. and Kennedia spp. (range 26.7-35.4%) were very much lower than the Glycine spp. and Galactia spp.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Guinea Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-239
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 1,600 pounds of N per acre yearly and of 40-, 60-, and 90-day harvest intervals on the yield and composition of Guinea grass and on soil acidity were determined for 2 consecutive years. Yields increased with nitrogen fertilization up to the 800-pound level, while protein content and protein yields increased up to the 1,600-pound level. About half of the fertilizer nitrogen was recovered in the forage when 800 pounds or less were applied per acre yearly. Efficiency of utilization, in terms of dry matter produced per pound of nitrogen, decreased with increasing rates. The phosphorus content of the forage decreased while the lignin content increased with nitrogen rates. Fertilization with nitrogen had no apparent effect on the calcium, potassium, or magnesium content of the forage. Yields and lignin content of the forage increased while the protein. phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents decreased with length of harvest interval. A 60-day harvest interval and 400 to 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly, depending on rainfall, seemed to be the optimum combination. With the higher nitrogen rate, Guinea grass yielded 32,733 pounds of dry matter (about 73 tons of green forage) per acre yearly with 9.6 percent of protein. With this treatment Guinea grass removed about 70 pounds of phosphorus, 286 pounds of calcium, 169 pounds of magnesium, 500 pounds of nitrogen, and 330 pounds of potassium per acre yearly. About the same yields were produced during each of the two years although rainfall varied greatly. Seasonal yields varied widely. The application of 800 pounds of nitrogen as ammonium sulfate per acre annually over a 2-year period caused a drop of 2.1 pH units and a loss of 5.5 m.e. of exchangeable bases per 100 gm. in the upper 6 inches of soil.

scholarly journals Effect of various kinds of phosphorus fertilizers on a peat soil

1958 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Basic Slag ◽  
P Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizers

Results are reported from a field trial on acid fen peat soil in which the effects of superphosphate and ground soft rock phosphate were compared as annual surface dressing on an old timothy ley. Until 1948 basic slag was used instead of rock phosphate; since that rock phosphate had been applied for ten years. Owing to the large variation in the results from the replicate plots the differences in the phosphorus conditions between the various treatments were less distinct than could have been expected. The accumulation of phosphorus quite in the surface layer was demonstrated. The hay yield produced by the annual dressing with 100 kg/ha of superphosphate in 1957 was equal to that produced by 130 kg/ha of rock phosphate. Also the yields from the treatments with 200 kg/ha of superphosphate or 260 kg/ha of rock phosphate were equal in size, but a significant difference was found in the phosphorus content of hay. In the superphosphate plots the P-content was about 0.21—0.23 per cent of dry matter, whereas in the rock phosphate plots only 0.14—0.15 per cent P in the dry matter was found.

scholarly journals CASE STUDY INFORMATION REFLECTING FARMER USE OF PAWERA RED CLOVER IN NORTHERN NORTHLAND

1986 ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Ussher
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Very High

Low summer production in Northern Northland can be largely overcome by the use of 'Grasslands Pawera' red clover. Daily dry matter production of 100+ kg/ha/day over the penod late October to early March, have been recorded over two years. Yearly production of 22,OOOkg DM/ha in the first year, and 17,500 to 21,000 in the second year, have been recorded from pure stands of Pawera. This growth is of very high quality occurring at a tlmc when growth and quality of existing Rye or Kikuyu based pastures, are low. Potential problems from the use of Pawera are discussed. Keywords: Pawera red clover, quality, Northland, problems.

Effectiveness of topdressed and incorporated superphosphate and Duchess rock phosphate for subterranean clover on sandy soils near Esperance Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deep Yellow ◽  
Phosphate Incorporation

In 2 experiments on sandy soil near Esperance, W. A., superphosphate and Duchess (Queensland) apatite rock phosphate were either left on the soil surface after application (topdressed) or incorporated into the top 10 cm of the soil with a rotary hoe (incorporated). One experiment was on Fleming gravelly sand which had a greater capacity to adsorb phosphorus than did the deep yellow sand (Gibson sand) used in the other experiment. Dry matter or seed yield of subterranean clover and phosphorus content of dry herbage or seed were used as indicators of the effectiveness of the phosphorus treatments. Compared with topdressed superphosphate, incorporation of superphosphate did not greatly influence its effectiveness on the Gibson soil, but reduced its effectiveness by about 20% on the Fleming soil. Relative to topdressed rock phosphate, incorporation of rock phosphate almost doubled its effectiveness on the Fleming soil, and improved its effectiveness by about 1.5 times on the Gibson soil. Superphosphate was the more effective fertiliser. Relative to topdressed superphosphate, the effectiveness of topdressed and incorporated Duchess rock phosphate, respectively, was about 15 and 30% on the Fleming soil, and about 25 and 40% on the Gibson soil. There was no evidence of any leaching of phosphorus from Duchess rock phosphate from the 0-10 cm layer of either soil, nor of superphosphate on the Fleming soil. However, on the Gibson soil, there was some leaching of superphosphate to below 10cm, but not below 20 cm.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Para Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-248
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Percent Protein ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of rates ranging from 0 to 1,600 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly and of 40-, 60-, and 90-day harvest intervals on the yield and composition of Para grass were determined over a 1 year period. Yields increased with nitrogen fertilization up to the 800-pound level, while protein content and protein yields increased up to the 1,600-pound level. About half of the fertilizer nitrogen was recovered in the forage when 800 pounds or less were applied per acre. Efficiency of utilization in terms of dry matter produced per pound of nitrogen, decreased rapidly with increasing rates. The phosphorus content of the forage decreased while the lignin content increased with nitrogen rates. Nitrogen fertilization had no pronounced effect on the calcium, potassium, or magnesium contents of the forage. Yields and lignin content of the forage increased while protein, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents decreased with length of harvest interval. There are marked seasonal variations in yield due primarily to rainfall. With a 60-day harvest interval and 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly, Para grass yielded 30,841 pounds of dry forage, or about 70 tons of green forage, with a 9.5-percent protein content. With this treatment Para grass removed 52.4 pounds of P, 120 of Ca, 524 of K, 77 of Mg, and 469 pounds of N per acre yearly. It is not advisable to use rates of more than 400 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year during dry weather.

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