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2021 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Nikolai A. Shchipkov

A Few Definitions of Term “Culture” in the History of Western European thought: René Descartes, Giambattista Vico, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Danilo Bernardes Teixeira

Resumo: No romance Catatau, de Paulo Leminski, uma personagem reconhecível se projeta: Renatus Cartesius, produtor do imenso solilóquio que constitui a totalidade do texto, parece corresponder a René Descartes, o famoso matemático francês do século XVII. Postado sob uma árvore do Jardim Botânico de Recife, entre as lentes de sua luneta e o cachimbo de erva narcótica que vorazmente aspira, Cartesius toma contato com a selvagem natureza brasileira, ainda que (cartesianamente) organizada sob as formas de um jardim zoobotânico. Este artigo pretende investigar, a princípio, o modo pelo qual o romance- ideia de Leminski agencia esse inevitável contraste entre dois Descartes: o Descartes da história da filosofia, autor das Regras para a direção do espírito, e o desregrado Cartesius da situação ficcional engendrada por Leminski. Para realizar tal investigação, este artigo procurou se ater a algumas passagens do romance, com o intuito de checar os modos pelos quais a paródica e carnavalesca figuração de Descartes se baseia em uma anticartesiana dissolução da integridade egoica da personagem, gerando, com isso, muito mais que superficial humorismo. Antes, o artigo defende a hipótese de que, com a dissolução da figura de Descartes, o romance esboça antropofágica reação aos processos coloniais a que o Brasil teria sido exposto, ao longo de sua história. Tal reação, contracolonizadora, se sustenta na medida em que associa o esfacelamento egoico de Cartesius ao impacto causado por uma exuberante natureza que, por sua hiperbólica constituição, não se submete às quadraturas impostas pelo pensamento europeu – de que Descartes se faz emblema.Palavras-chave: Paulo Leminski; Catatau; René Descartes; literatura brasileira; estudo de personagem; filosofia.Abstract: In Paulo Leminski’s novel, Catatau, a recognizable character is projected: Renatus Cartesius, the immense soliloquy’s producer that constitutes the entire text, seems to correspond to René Descartes, the famous 17th century French mathematician. Standing under a tree at the Recife Botanical Garden between the lenses of his bezel and the narcotic weed pipe he voraciously smokes, Cartesius makes contact with the wild Brazilian nature, although (Cartesian) organized in the form of a zoobotanical garden. This article intends to investigate at first the way in which Leminski’s novel-idea handles this inevitable contrast between both Descartes: Descartes from the History of Philosophy, author of Rules for the Direction of the Mind and the intemperate Cartesius from the fictional situation engendered by Leminski. To conduct such an investigation, this article sought to stick to some passages of the novel in order to check the ways in which Descartes’s parody and carnival figuration are based on an anticartesian dissolution of the character’s egoic integrity, thus generating much more than superficial humor. Rather, the article defends the hypothesis that with the dissolution of Descartes’s figure, the novel outlines an anthropophagic reaction to the colonial processes to which Brazil would have been exposed throughout its history. This counter-colonizing reaction is sustained insofar as it associates Cartesius’s egoic disintegration with the impact caused by an exuberant nature, which due to its hyperbolic constitution, does not submit to the quadratues imposed by the European thought – of which Descartes becomes an emblem.Keywords: Paulo Leminski; Catatau; René Descartes; Brazilian literature; character study; philosophy.


2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 158-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mădălina Giurgea ◽  
Laura Georgescu

AbstractIn this article we argue that the views that Francis Bacon and René Descartes held about the role of experiments in the process of discovery are closer than previously accepted. Looking at the way experiments and the heuristics of experimentation are embedded in Bacon's posthumous History of Dense and Rare and Descartes' Discourses 8, 9, 10 of the Meteorology, we will show that experiments help the investigator both in solving specific problems that could not have otherwise been foreseen and in generating relevant information that advances the scope of the investigation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Nicholas Smit-Keding

Current popular narratives regarding the history of astronomy espouse the narrative of scientific development arising from clashes between observed phenomena and dogmatic religious scripture. Such narratives consider the development of our understandings of the cosmos as isolated episodes in ground-breaking, world-view shifting events, led by rational, objective and secular observers. As observation of astronomical development in the early 1600s shows, however, such a narrative is false. Developments by Johannes Kepler, for instance, followed earlier efforts by Nicholas Copernicus to refine Aristotelian-based dogma with observed phenomena. Kepler's efforts specifically were not meant to challenge official Church teachings, but offer a superior system to what was than available, based around theological justifications. Popular acceptance of a heliocentric model came not from Kepler's writings, but from the philosophical teachings of Rene Descartes. Through strictly mathematical and philosophical reasoning, Descartes not only rendered the Aristotelian model baseless in society, but also provided a cosmological understanding of the universe that centred our solar system within a vast expanse of other stars. The shift than, from the Aristotelian geocentric model to the heliocentric model, came not from clashes between theology and reason, but from negotiations between theology and observed phenomena. 


Author(s):  
Karine Chemla ◽  
Renaud Chorlay ◽  
David Rabouin

This book examines generality in mathematics and the sciences and how it has been shaped by actors, in part by introducing specific terminologies to distinguish between different levels or forms of generality. Focusing on early modern and modern Europe, it investigates how actors from Gottfried Leibniz and Henri Poincaré to René Descartes and James Clerk Maxwell worked out what the meaningful types of generality were for them, in relation to their project, and the issues they chose to deal with. Such a view implies that there are different ways of understanding the general in different contexts. Accordingly, it suggests a nonlinear pattern for a history of generality. The book considers actors’ historiography of generality and their reflections upon its epistemological value, the historicity of the statements used by actors to formulate the general, and the ways that actors tackle the general using specific practices.


2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Waléria Adriana Gonçalez Cecílio ◽  
Peri Mesquida

Este estudo tem como objetivo apreender as influências deixadas pelo positivismo na escola primária paranaense nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Para a análise, o estudo se apoia nos pensamentos de Francis Bacon, René Descartes e Auguste Comte. Como principais fontes de pesquisa, o estudo particulariza Regulamentos, Regimentos Internos, Programas de Ensino e Relatórios da Instrução Pública Paranaense e a revista O Ensino. O estudo constatou a presença de uma abordagem regulatória, na qual o altruísmo, a disciplina, a matemática, o prático e o útil, o ideal de neutralidade, os testes de inteligência e a padronização de conteúdo e metodologia de ensino eram incorporados, reproduzindo os ideais positivistas visando ao amor por princípio, a ordem por base, e o progresso por fim, na escola primária.


2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Ulrich Rudolph

Abstract The quest for an indisputable foundation of all knowledge has been one of the driving forces behind intellectual history. In the European tradition it is mainly connected to René Descartes (1596–1650) and his Meditations on First Philosophy whereas in the Islamic world it was already expressed in a brilliant manner by Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī (1058–1111) in his book entitled Deliverance from Error. The article investigates both these texts by contextualizing them within the long history of intellectual autobiographies, which stretches from antiquity to the present and comprises many exciting examples from Asia and Europe.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Sabiatul Hamdi ◽  
Muslimah Muslimah ◽  
Khabib Musthofa ◽  
Sardimi Sardimi

The main problem in this study is that there are many misunderstandings about philosophy that are considered to cloud the mind, so heavy, maybe even infidel. Especially in Western philosophy which became the forerunner of the existence of philosophy until now. Therefore, it is important to study more deeply about Western philosophy in order to gain a comprehensive understanding. This study aims to understand: (1) the history of the emergence and periodization of Western philosophy, (2) the characteristics of Western philosophy, and (3) the figures of Western philosophy and their thoughts. The method used in this study is a literature study with content analysis from various references relevant to the study of western philosophy. The results of this study show that: (1) the true philosophy began to be echoed when people began to ask about the origin of everything that exists in this universe, then the thought developed. Western philosophy became the beginning of the forerunner of the philosophers of philosophizing in Greece, starting from the ancient Greek centuries, classical centuries, medieval, to modern and today. (2) The prominent characteristics of western philosophy are that they are still influenced by mythology (ancient Greece), there are philosophers' thoughts that can only be obtained from testimonies/stories, and the way of philosophizing that is guided by the church. (3) Famous Western philosophers include Socrates, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. These three figures contributed to the world of science. AbstrakPermasalahan utama dalam kajian ini adalah banyaknya kesalahpahaman mengenai filsafat yang dianggap memperkeruh pikiran, begitu berat, bahkan mungkin dapat mengkafirkan. Terlebih pada filsafat Barat yang menjadi cikal bakal dari eksistensi filsafat hingga kini. Karena itu penting menelaah lebih dalam mengenai filsafat Barat agar memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Kajian ini bertujuan memahami tentang: (1) sejarah kemunculan dan periodisasi filsafat Barat, (2) karakteristik dari filsafat Barat, dan (3) tokoh filsafat Barat beserta pemikirannya. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah studi kepustakaan dengan analisis konten dari berbagai referensi-referensi yang relevan dengan kajian filsafat barat. Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) filsafat sejatinya mulai digemakan ketika orang-orang mulai menanyakan tentang asal dari segala sesuatu yang ada di alam semesta ini, kemudian berkembanglah pemikiran tersebut. Filsafat barat menjadi awal dari cikal bakal para filsuf berfilsafat di Yunani yang dimulai dari abad Yunani kuno, abad klasik, pertengahan, hingga modern dan saat ini. (2) Karakteristik filsafat barat yang menonjol di antaranya masih dipengaruhi oleh mitologi (Yunani kuno), ada pemikiran filsuf yang hanya didapat dari kesaksian/cerita belaka, dan cara berfilsafat yang dibimbing gereja. (3) Tokoh-tokoh filsafat Barat yang terkenal di antaranya Socrates, Thomas Aquinas dan Rene Descartes. Ketiga tokoh tersebut memberi sumbangsih bagi dunia ilmu pengetahuan


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (23) ◽  
pp. 317-332
Author(s):  
Urszula Ostrowska

The desire to achieve unquestionable knowledge and experience in history with the history of events in all spheres of history from time immemorial. For every scientist, finding the truth is conditio sine qua non, a challenge and a duty. In the course of the history of human thought in its development tirelessly searched for the most effective ways of achieving a revealing one that meets scientific criteria. In the history of science so far, many concepts in this field arouse unique ones for various reasons. Reflection on the legacy of the French physicist and mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650), one of the most outstanding scholars of the 17th century and one of the most famous and effective philosophers in history, is an inspiring source of research, his works, the reading of which verbally motivates reflection and also to the endless endeavors of mankind in the pursuit of knowledge to the discovery of truth. By exposing the power of reason of reason as the axis, I made the thinking person, adopting the credo in the form of I think, therefore I am… as the first principle of philosophy. There are interesting interpretations of Descartes' sentences, which testify to a fairly strong tradition on a global scale. The assessment from the justification of the grounds to questioning Descartes' concept must be found that the undoubted merit of the philosopher is inspiring his contemporaries and successors with faith in the power of reason and motivating them to take actions that prove its power, including efforts to put them into practice.


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