scholarly journals Mengelaborasi Sejarah Filsafat Barat dan Sumbangsih Pemikiran Para Tokohnya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Sabiatul Hamdi ◽  
Muslimah Muslimah ◽  
Khabib Musthofa ◽  
Sardimi Sardimi
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Church

The main problem in this study is that there are many misunderstandings about philosophy that are considered to cloud the mind, so heavy, maybe even infidel. Especially in Western philosophy which became the forerunner of the existence of philosophy until now. Therefore, it is important to study more deeply about Western philosophy in order to gain a comprehensive understanding. This study aims to understand: (1) the history of the emergence and periodization of Western philosophy, (2) the characteristics of Western philosophy, and (3) the figures of Western philosophy and their thoughts. The method used in this study is a literature study with content analysis from various references relevant to the study of western philosophy. The results of this study show that: (1) the true philosophy began to be echoed when people began to ask about the origin of everything that exists in this universe, then the thought developed. Western philosophy became the beginning of the forerunner of the philosophers of philosophizing in Greece, starting from the ancient Greek centuries, classical centuries, medieval, to modern and today. (2) The prominent characteristics of western philosophy are that they are still influenced by mythology (ancient Greece), there are philosophers' thoughts that can only be obtained from testimonies/stories, and the way of philosophizing that is guided by the church. (3) Famous Western philosophers include Socrates, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. These three figures contributed to the world of science. AbstrakPermasalahan utama dalam kajian ini adalah banyaknya kesalahpahaman mengenai filsafat yang dianggap memperkeruh pikiran, begitu berat, bahkan mungkin dapat mengkafirkan. Terlebih pada filsafat Barat yang menjadi cikal bakal dari eksistensi filsafat hingga kini. Karena itu penting menelaah lebih dalam mengenai filsafat Barat agar memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Kajian ini bertujuan memahami tentang: (1) sejarah kemunculan dan periodisasi filsafat Barat, (2) karakteristik dari filsafat Barat, dan (3) tokoh filsafat Barat beserta pemikirannya. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah studi kepustakaan dengan analisis konten dari berbagai referensi-referensi yang relevan dengan kajian filsafat barat. Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) filsafat sejatinya mulai digemakan ketika orang-orang mulai menanyakan tentang asal dari segala sesuatu yang ada di alam semesta ini, kemudian berkembanglah pemikiran tersebut. Filsafat barat menjadi awal dari cikal bakal para filsuf berfilsafat di Yunani yang dimulai dari abad Yunani kuno, abad klasik, pertengahan, hingga modern dan saat ini. (2) Karakteristik filsafat barat yang menonjol di antaranya masih dipengaruhi oleh mitologi (Yunani kuno), ada pemikiran filsuf yang hanya didapat dari kesaksian/cerita belaka, dan cara berfilsafat yang dibimbing gereja. (3) Tokoh-tokoh filsafat Barat yang terkenal di antaranya Socrates, Thomas Aquinas dan Rene Descartes. Ketiga tokoh tersebut memberi sumbangsih bagi dunia ilmu pengetahuan

A Medieval View of Practical Intentionality

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-176
Author(s):  
Jörn Müller
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Intentional Object ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Mental Event ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Means And Ends ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind

Intentio is a widespread concept in the writings of Thomas Aquinas (1224/5–1274). This article focuses on its use in the description and explanation of human action because Aquinas is the first author to elaborate a coherent conception of practical intentionality in the history of Western philosophy. The analysis shows that his account is characterized by five distinctive features: Practical intentionality is (1) an active striving toward a causally relevant intentional object (i. e., a goal), which is not ‘in the mind’, (2) a volitional state of mind rather than a distinct mental event, (3) action-guiding because it is a principle of concrete human actions which realize it, (4) essentially tied up with rationality, which is needed for bridging the operational distance to the final goal by deliberation on the means conducive to it, (5) potentially complex – allowing for a plurality of simultaneous intentions – but at the same time unified in the hierarchical ordering of means and ends. The article also relates these features to modern discussions of intentionality in phenomenology and in analytic philosophy

scholarly journals Cartesius dissoluto / Dissolute Cartesius

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Danilo Bernardes Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Brazilian Literature ◽  
French Mathematician ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
European Thought ◽  
The Impact

Resumo: No romance Catatau, de Paulo Leminski, uma personagem reconhecível se projeta: Renatus Cartesius, produtor do imenso solilóquio que constitui a totalidade do texto, parece corresponder a René Descartes, o famoso matemático francês do século XVII. Postado sob uma árvore do Jardim Botânico de Recife, entre as lentes de sua luneta e o cachimbo de erva narcótica que vorazmente aspira, Cartesius toma contato com a selvagem natureza brasileira, ainda que (cartesianamente) organizada sob as formas de um jardim zoobotânico. Este artigo pretende investigar, a princípio, o modo pelo qual o romance- ideia de Leminski agencia esse inevitável contraste entre dois Descartes: o Descartes da história da filosofia, autor das Regras para a direção do espírito, e o desregrado Cartesius da situação ficcional engendrada por Leminski. Para realizar tal investigação, este artigo procurou se ater a algumas passagens do romance, com o intuito de checar os modos pelos quais a paródica e carnavalesca figuração de Descartes se baseia em uma anticartesiana dissolução da integridade egoica da personagem, gerando, com isso, muito mais que superficial humorismo. Antes, o artigo defende a hipótese de que, com a dissolução da figura de Descartes, o romance esboça antropofágica reação aos processos coloniais a que o Brasil teria sido exposto, ao longo de sua história. Tal reação, contracolonizadora, se sustenta na medida em que associa o esfacelamento egoico de Cartesius ao impacto causado por uma exuberante natureza que, por sua hiperbólica constituição, não se submete às quadraturas impostas pelo pensamento europeu – de que Descartes se faz emblema.Palavras-chave: Paulo Leminski; Catatau; René Descartes; literatura brasileira; estudo de personagem; filosofia.Abstract: In Paulo Leminski’s novel, Catatau, a recognizable character is projected: Renatus Cartesius, the immense soliloquy’s producer that constitutes the entire text, seems to correspond to René Descartes, the famous 17th century French mathematician. Standing under a tree at the Recife Botanical Garden between the lenses of his bezel and the narcotic weed pipe he voraciously smokes, Cartesius makes contact with the wild Brazilian nature, although (Cartesian) organized in the form of a zoobotanical garden. This article intends to investigate at first the way in which Leminski’s novel-idea handles this inevitable contrast between both Descartes: Descartes from the History of Philosophy, author of Rules for the Direction of the Mind and the intemperate Cartesius from the fictional situation engendered by Leminski. To conduct such an investigation, this article sought to stick to some passages of the novel in order to check the ways in which Descartes’s parody and carnival figuration are based on an anticartesian dissolution of the character’s egoic integrity, thus generating much more than superficial humor. Rather, the article defends the hypothesis that with the dissolution of Descartes’s figure, the novel outlines an anthropophagic reaction to the colonial processes to which Brazil would have been exposed throughout its history. This counter-colonizing reaction is sustained insofar as it associates Cartesius’s egoic disintegration with the impact caused by an exuberant nature, which due to its hyperbolic constitution, does not submit to the quadratues imposed by the European thought – of which Descartes becomes an emblem.Keywords: Paulo Leminski; Catatau; René Descartes; Brazilian literature; character study; philosophy.

scholarly journals KRITIK IMMANUEL KANT TERHADAP FAHAM RASIONALISME DAN EMPIRISME

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jauhan Budiwan
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Philosophical Movement ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind

Immanuel Kant is one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movement that followed him. This portion will focus on his metaphysics and epistemology in one of his most important works. The Critique of Pure Reason, A large part of Kant’s work addresses the question “What can we know?” The answer, if it can be stated simply, is that our knowledge is constrained to mathematics and the science of the -natural, empirical world. It is impossible, Kant argues, to extend knowledge to the supersensible realm of speculative metaphysics. The reason that knowledge has these constraints, Kant argues, is that the mind plays an active role in constituting the features of experience and limiting the mind's access to the empirical realm of space and time. In order to understand Kant's position, we must understand the philosophical background that he was reacting to. First, 1 will present a brief overview of his predecessor's positions with a brief statement of Kant's objections, then I will return to a more detailed exposition of Kant's arguments. There are two major historical movements in the early modem period of philosophy that had a significant impact on Kant; Empiricism and Rationalism,

On Contents Division of Ancient Greek Philosophy

2018 ◽  
pp. 369-374
Author(s):  
Shaoyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Speculative Philosophy ◽  
Science Ethics ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
History Of

The history of Western philosophy usually divides the ancient Greek philosophy into three parts, namely, natural science, ethics, and logic. The author deems that the ancient Greek philosophy should be divided into two categories: speculative philosophy and practical philosophy, for which writings of Plato and Aristotle provide sufficient grounds.

Redefining the Role of Experiment in Bacon's Natural History: How Baconian was Descartes before Emerging from His Cocoon?

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 158-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mădălina Giurgea ◽  
Laura Georgescu
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn this article we argue that the views that Francis Bacon and René Descartes held about the role of experiments in the process of discovery are closer than previously accepted. Looking at the way experiments and the heuristics of experimentation are embedded in Bacon's posthumous History of Dense and Rare and Descartes' Discourses 8, 9, 10 of the Meteorology, we will show that experiments help the investigator both in solving specific problems that could not have otherwise been foreseen and in generating relevant information that advances the scope of the investigation.

The Body of Western Embodiment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
The Relationship

Much of western philosophy, especially ancient Greek philosophy, addresses the problems posed by embodiment. This chapter argues that to grasp the early history of embodiment is to see the category of the body itself as historically emergent. Bruno Snell argued that Homer lacked a concept of the body (sōma), but it is the emergence of body in the fifth century BCE rather than the appearance of mind or soul that is most consequential for the shape of ancient dualisms. The body takes shape in Hippocratic medical writing as largely hidden and unconscious interior space governed by impersonal forces. But Plato’s corpus demonstrates that while Plato’s reputation as a somatophobe is well grounded and may arise in part from the way the body takes shape in medical and other physiological writing, the Dialogues represent a more complex position on the relationship between body and soul than Plato’s reputation suggests.

A View of Ancient Greek Dance from 1895

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 333-336
Author(s):  
Nancy Lee Ruyter
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Dance History ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Source

In 1895, the book Dancing, a broad survey of world dance history, was published in London. Mainly written by Mrs. Lilly Grove (later Dame Lily Grove Frazer) after five years of travel and intensive research, it also includes four short chapters by other authors. It was issued in later editions after 1895 and is still an important early source for information about dance history. Of the 454 pages in Dancing, twenty-six are devoted to ancient Greece. I discuss some of Grove's sources, statements, and conclusions in relation to those of more recent writings about dance in ancient Greece.

scholarly journals 'Absurd' Rationalist Cosmology: Copernicus, Kepler, Descartes and the Religious Basis for the end to Aristotelian Dogma

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Nicholas Smit-Keding
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
World View ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nicholas Copernicus ◽  
The Universe

Current popular narratives regarding the history of astronomy espouse the narrative of scientific development arising from clashes between observed phenomena and dogmatic religious scripture. Such narratives consider the development of our understandings of the cosmos as isolated episodes in ground-breaking, world-view shifting events, led by rational, objective and secular observers. As observation of astronomical development in the early 1600s shows, however, such a narrative is false. Developments by Johannes Kepler, for instance, followed earlier efforts by Nicholas Copernicus to refine Aristotelian-based dogma with observed phenomena. Kepler's efforts specifically were not meant to challenge official Church teachings, but offer a superior system to what was than available, based around theological justifications. Popular acceptance of a heliocentric model came not from Kepler's writings, but from the philosophical teachings of Rene Descartes. Through strictly mathematical and philosophical reasoning, Descartes not only rendered the Aristotelian model baseless in society, but also provided a cosmological understanding of the universe that centred our solar system within a vast expanse of other stars. The shift than, from the Aristotelian geocentric model to the heliocentric model, came not from clashes between theology and reason, but from negotiations between theology and observed phenomena. 

Prologue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Chemla ◽  
Renaud Chorlay ◽  
David Rabouin
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Henri Poincaré ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Nonlinear Pattern

This book examines generality in mathematics and the sciences and how it has been shaped by actors, in part by introducing specific terminologies to distinguish between different levels or forms of generality. Focusing on early modern and modern Europe, it investigates how actors from Gottfried Leibniz and Henri Poincaré to René Descartes and James Clerk Maxwell worked out what the meaningful types of generality were for them, in relation to their project, and the issues they chose to deal with. Such a view implies that there are different ways of understanding the general in different contexts. Accordingly, it suggests a nonlinear pattern for a history of generality. The book considers actors’ historiography of generality and their reflections upon its epistemological value, the historicity of the statements used by actors to formulate the general, and the ways that actors tackle the general using specific practices.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document