Assessing The Vulnerability Index Of Covid-19 Pandemic In India

The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has created havoc all across the States and Union Territories (UTs) of India since its beginning on 30th January 2020. As of 1st January 2021, India has recorded 10,305,788 cases and 149,218 deaths from this deadly pandemic. It has been observed through the data; across states and UTs, the trend and pattern of this disease are not similar at all. There are many reasons for these dissimilarities which are categorized into indicators to assess the vulnerability in this study. We have examined vulnerabilities in 28 states and 8 UTs of India. Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) has been applied with certain modifications to calculate the Vulnerability Index (VI). The figure resulting from the vulnerability assessment corresponds that the factors involved in the three-section exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity had a significant impact on deciding the vulnerability of the population. The result identified the states and UTs which are more vulnerable and need more attention from the government and policymakers. The proposed method of study is unique in its sense as vulnerability index calculation is purely based on a secondary source of data and therefore has an expectation of a higher degree of practical application.

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Assessment of Vulnerability of Croplands to Climate Variability in Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria

Journal of Geography Environment and Earth Science International ◽

10.9734/jgeesi/2021/v25i230269 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 12-39

Author(s):

Dada Ibilewa ◽

Mustapha Aliyu ◽

Samaila K. Ishaya ◽

Joshua I. Magaji

Keyword(s):

Climate Variability ◽

Adaptive Capacity ◽

Vulnerability Assessment ◽

Crop Production ◽

Warning System ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Variability Pattern ◽

Private And Public ◽

Vulnerability Maps

Despite the wide coverage of study on vulnerability in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria over the years, it was observed that no emphasis has been placed on assessment of vulnerability of croplands to climate variability using the integrated vulnerability assessment and Geo-Informatics technique. This was achieved by determining the climate variability pattern in FCT from 1981 to 2017, determining the exposure index and the degree of sensitivity of croplands to climate variability, assessing the adaptive capacity of farmers to climate variability, evaluating the vulnerability of croplands to climate variability and developing vulnerability maps of croplands using the information produced. Yam, beans and maize were used as referenced crops in this study. Indicators were generated and analyzed on the three components of vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The study used the mixed research design. The Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to assign weight to the indicators. The weights were used to generate the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity indices which were used to generate the vulnerability index map. Aggregate vulnerability index (AVI) was finally determined from the weighted sum of all indicators and used to produce the vulnerability map of the six Area Councils. The study shows that Gwagwalada Area Council has the highest vulnerability (0.2323) and Abaji Area Council has the lowest (0.005). Kwali and AMAC Area Councils were highly vulnerable to climate variability (Kwali 0.1562, AMAC 0.1565). Kuje Area Council has low vulnerability (0.0273) to climate variability. Bwari Area Council showed moderate vulnerability (0.0982). The implication of the results is that the three crops (maize, beans and yam) will produce moderately at moderate vulnerability while their production will be marginal and optimal at very high and very low vulnerabilities respectively. Crop production will be optimum in Abaji, marginal in Gwagwalada and moderate in Bwari. The study also revealed that vulnerability assessment is essential in determining the varying degrees of vulnerability in different localities. It also provides information that can help researchers, policy makers, private and public institutions in planning location-based adaptation strategies and prioritizing allocating limited resources in FCT. Agriculture should be heavily subsidized in terms of providing irrigation infrastructure to farmers to reduce over-reliance on rain fed agriculture. Installation of early weather warning system manned with expertise should be made available in all the Area Councils to provide timely and accurate climatic information to farmers.

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Flood Vulnerability Assessment for Prioritizing and Evaluating Rehabilitation of Ungauged Reservoirs Considering Climate Change

Water ◽

10.3390/w12071901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1901

Author(s):

Sang-Min Jun ◽

Moon-Seong Kang ◽

Soonho Hwang ◽

Jihoon Park ◽

Jung-Hun Song

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Adaptive Capacity ◽

Vulnerability Assessment ◽

Hydraulic Structure ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Hydraulic Structures ◽

Flood Vulnerability ◽

Before And After ◽

Flood Vulnerability Assessment ◽

Flood Vulnerability Index

The objective of this research was to apply the flood vulnerability assessment to ungauged reservoirs for prioritizing and evaluating the reservoir rehabilitation according to climate change. The flood vulnerability index (FVI) can quantitatively compare the flood vulnerabilities of the analysis targets and can be used for the relative comparison of hydraulic structures to determine the reinforcement priority. In this study, we proposed a simple FVI that contained exposure and adaptive capacity of the hydraulic structure. We selected ten dam heightening reservoirs in Korea and constructed data for flood vulnerability assessment. The FVI was calculated before and after the dam heightening to analyze the priority and effect of reservoir rehabilitation under climate change. Flood vulnerability indices were estimated for four periods (1995s: 1981–2010, 2025s: 2011–2040, 2055s: 2041–2070, 2085s: 2071–2100) and before/after the dam heightening project. As a result, flood vulnerability indices decreased after the dam heightening project for all reservoirs, and the indices have increasing tendencies in the future. The indices developed in this study can be useful to determine the priority and to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation for hydraulic structures.

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Climate Vulnerability in Rainfed Farming: Analysis from Indian Watersheds

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10093357 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 3357 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Archana Sathyan ◽

Christoph Funk ◽

Thomas Aenis ◽

Lutz Breuer

Keyword(s):

Adaptive Capacity ◽

Stakeholder Participation ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Primary Data ◽

Rainfed Farming ◽

Climate Vulnerability ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

India ranks first among the rainfed agricultural countries in the world. The impact of changing climate threatens rainfed food production as well as the food security of millions of people in the tropics and subtropics. The Government of India initiated Watershed Development Programmes (WDPs) for the overall development of these areas. We, therefore, established a comprehensive, location-specific, bottom-up tool to analyse and compare the climate vulnerability of watershed areas. For this, we deducted a new Climate Vulnerability Index for Rainfed Tropics (CVIRFT) to evaluate the potential effectiveness of programmes to adapt to climate change impacts. The CVIRFT comprises of three dimensions of vulnerability, i.e., adaptive capacity, exposure and sensitivity. These dimensions consist of ten major components and 59 indicators with emphasis on rainfed farming and WDP interventions. To test the tool, we collected primary data through household surveys (n = 215, split among three watershed communities) in Kerala. We show that there were strong variations in the exposure dimension, moderate in sensitivity and negligible in adaptive capacity across the watersheds. After analysing the major components under the dimensions, we suggest focusing on policy orientation towards redesigning of the WDPs with emphasis to economic diversification, livelihood strategies, social networking coupled with stakeholder participation, natural resource management and risk spread through credit and insurance flexibility. The CVIRFT is replicable to similar physio-geographic areas of rainfed farming, with the refinement of indicators suited to the locality.

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Drought Stress and Livelihood Response Based on Evidence from the Koshi River Basin in Nepal: Modeling and Applications

Water ◽

10.3390/w12061610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1610 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ran Zhu ◽

Yiping Fang ◽

Nilhari Neupane ◽

Saroj Koirala ◽

Chenjia Zhang

Keyword(s):

Adaptive Capacity ◽

River Basin ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Vulnerability Analysis ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

Drought Vulnerability ◽

Household Level ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation ◽

Koshi River Basin ◽

The Government

Drought vulnerability analysis at the household level can help people identify livelihood constrains and potential mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study used meteorological and household level data which were collected from three different districts (Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhuli, and Saptari) in the Koshi River Basin of Nepal to conduct a drought vulnerability analysis. We developed a model for assessing drought vulnerability of rural households based on three critical components, i.e., exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The results revealed that Saptari (drought vulnerability index, 0.053) showed greater vulnerability to drought disasters than Kavrepalanchowk (0.014) and Sindhuli (0.007). The most vulnerable district (Saptari) showed the highest exposure, the highest sensitivity, and the highest adaptive capacity. Kavrepalanchowk had the middle drought vulnerability index with middle exposure, low sensitivity, and middle adaptive capacity. Sindhuli had the lowest vulnerability with the lowest exposure, the lowest sensitivity, and the lowest adaptive capacity. On the basis of the results of the vulnerability assessment, this paper constructed livelihood adaptation strategies from the perspectives of households, communities, and the government. Many households in Kavrepalanchowk and Sindhuli significantly depend on agriculture as their main source of income. They need to implement some strategies to diversify their sources of income. In addition, the most important livelihood adaptation strategy for Saptari is improving water conservancy facilities to facilitate the allocation of water.

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Urban Vulnerability Assessment for Pandemic Surveillance—The COVID-19 Case in Bogotá, Colombia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13063402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3402

Author(s):

Jeisson Prieto ◽

Rafael Malagón ◽

Jonatan Gomez ◽

Elizabeth León

Keyword(s):

Vulnerability Assessment ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Urban Areas ◽

A Priori ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Past Century ◽

Vulnerability Factors ◽

Early Assessment ◽

Global Citizens ◽

Urban Vulnerability

A pandemic devastates the lives of global citizens and causes significant economic, social, and political disruption. Evidence suggests that the likelihood of pandemics has increased over the past century because of increased global travel and integration, urbanization, and changes in land use with a profound affectation of society–nature metabolism. Further, evidence concerning the urban character of the pandemic has underlined the role of cities in disease transmission. An early assessment of the severity of infection and transmissibility can help quantify the pandemic potential and prioritize surveillance to control highly vulnerable urban areas in pandemics. In this paper, an Urban Vulnerability Assessment (UVA) methodology is proposed. UVA investigates various vulnerability factors related to pandemics to assess the vulnerability in urban areas. A vulnerability index is constructed by the aggregation of multiple vulnerability factors computed on each urban area (i.e., urban density, poverty index, informal labor, transmission routes). This methodology is useful in a-priori evaluation and development of policies and programs aimed at reducing disaster risk (DRR) at different scales (i.e., addressing urban vulnerability at national, regional, and provincial scales), under diverse scenarios of resources scarcity (i.e., short and long-term actions), and for different audiences (i.e., the general public, policy-makers, international organizations). The applicability of UVA is shown by the identification of high vulnerable areas based on publicly available data where surveillance should be prioritized in the COVID-19 pandemic in Bogotá, Colombia.

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An Assessment of Vulnerability of Fishers’ Livelihood to Climate Change in Coastal Odisha

Current World Environment ◽

10.12944/cwe.14.1.08 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 60-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sambit Priyadarshi ◽

S. N. Ojha ◽

Arpita Sharma

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Adaptive Capacity ◽

East Coast ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

The State ◽

Context Specificity ◽

East Coast Of India ◽

Index Approach ◽

Vulnerability Score

A study was conducted in Odisha, a state on the east coast of India, with the objective of assessing the vulnerability of fishers’ livelihood to climate change. The state was chosen for study since it is considered as one of the most vulnerable states due to climate change. A total of 120 fishers were interviewed from two districts, Balasore and Ganjam, to assess their livelihood vulnerability by considering their exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climate change. A composite livelihood vulnerability index by suggesting that fishers are vulnerable to climate change. For fishers of + 0.03 and for Ganjam it was 0.5 minima 0, and maxima 1 was used for the purpose. Baleswar the score was 0.56 0.04, s. The aggregated vulnerability score was found to be 0.54+The composite livelihood vulnerability index approach calculates vulnerability by aggregating data for a set of indicators for the components of vulnerability which include exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity + 0.04. Vulnerability score was relatively higher in Baleswar due to higher scores on the exposure and sensitivity parameters overshadowing the higher adaptive capacity. The study shows evidence that marine fishers of Odisha are vulnerable to climate change. Also, it throws light on the location and context specificity of livelihood vulnerability.

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Groundwater vulnerability assessment to pollution in Kasihan, Bantul Regency: A comparative method study (GOD, SINTACS and DRASTIC)

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202020002012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 200 ◽

pp. 02012

Author(s):

Ignasius Loyola Setyawan Purnama ◽

Vincentia Anindha Primacintya

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Level ◽

Vulnerability Assessment ◽

Rock Type ◽

Comparative Method ◽

Groundwater Vulnerability ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Vulnerability Assessments ◽

Drastic Method ◽

Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment ◽

Aquifer Type

Groundwater vulnerability to pollution refers to the ease with which pollutants reach groundwater, in other words indicating the level of ease of an area to experience pollution. At present, the theme is one of the themes that attracts many researchers because pollution is more frequent in an area. The purpose of this study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in the study area for pollution using the GOD method and conduct a study of 3 groundwater vulnerability assessments, to determine the most appropriate assessment to be applied in the study area. The method used to determine groundwater vulnerability to pollution is GOD, which uses three parameters to assess the vulnerability of groundwater, namely aquifer type, rock type above aquifer and groundwater level. Furthermore, the results of the vulnerability assessment using the GOD method are compared with the vulnerability assessment according to the SINTACS and DRASTIC methods that have been carried out before in this area. The results showed that the variation of groundwater vulnerability index values in the study area according to the GOD method was from 0.35 to 0.63. Locations that are classified as medium vulnerability are generally located in the limestone Sentolo Formation, while locations that are classified as high vulnerability class are located in the volcanic rock of Yogyakarta Formation. Noting the results of determining groundwater vulnerability from the three methods, it can be said that the three methods are suitable for assessing groundwater vulnerability in the study area. However, looking at the distribution pattern of the level of pollution, the DRASTIC method can provide more detailed results related to the level of vulnerability.

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Insurance and Technical Education in National Development – A Wakeup Call.

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.b1065.0982s919 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2S9) ◽

pp. 290-297

Keyword(s):

New Product Development ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Technical Education ◽

National Development ◽

Secondary Source ◽

Peace Of Mind ◽

Sense Of Security ◽

Development Plans ◽

The Government

Development on national basis is imperative to the sustenance and growth of a Nation. The focus of the paper is on the imperative of insurance and technical education towards national development. The methodology adopted is mainly secondary source, relevant materials were considered and opinion formed. The various development plans in Nigeria from First Development Plan (1962 – 1968) to the most recent of National Industrial Revolution Plan of 2014. Technical education as a strategy for National Development. The experience of countries such as Malaysia, South Korea, Australia and Japan among others as guide for Nigeria. Means of acquiring technical education was also explained. The challenges encountered by the provider of technical education, such peoples attitude to technical education, dearth of teachers and instructors on technical education, funding among others. The paper also took a critical look at the role of insurance in National Development. These roles includes; offering Insurance and financial protection, instilling sense of security and peace of mind, acting as stabilizing factor, acting as institutional investor, and public safety and new product development. Other roles include; enhancing financial security and peace of mind among others. It was further stated that for insurance to function effectively in this role, the government and other stakeholders have a role to play. In conclusion, suggestions for improvement to enable insurance and technical education contribute positively to national development includes Government training Institutions, Parent and Guardian, Development Partners and Employers as stakeholders who must be ready to play a proactive role to achieve a sustainable national development of our dream.

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THE IMPACT OF TAXATION AS AN AID TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (APPLIED STUDY IN KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT)

STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES ECONOMICS EDITION ◽

10.29358/sceco.v0i31.453 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Amanj Mohamed Ahmed ◽

Muhammad Nawzad Ali

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Primary Source ◽

Educational Systems ◽

Secondary Source ◽

Probability Method ◽

Regional Government ◽

Chi Square ◽

The Government ◽

Taxation System ◽

The Impact

This research was carried out to determine the weight of taxation in economic development, the main purpose is to discover the level of impact of taxation on economic development or if it has any impact. Another key objective is to improve the level of understandability and find probable solutions toward issues in taxation within the Kurdistan region, as well as unveiling the Kurdistan Regional Government’s taxation system in compliance with the up to date old Iraqi tax laws. KRG is barely surviving this crisis, with the increase of unemployment and poverty could taxation work as an aid to support the piles of the region. The current corruption in the government that does not use tax money efficiently and lack of transparency has been evaluated. Primary and secondary research methods were used to be able to gather information in order to reach an understanding. The primary source of data includes personal interviews and questionnaires, meanwhile, the secondary source of data includes the use of textbooks, social media, internet, and newspapers. Non-probability method of sampling was used in selecting the respondents. The study used the standard deviation, chi-square formula, and tables for the method of the examination. The results clearly illustrates that the government should commence the critical pursuit of broadening regional economy in order to improve economic growth and expansion and to become meticulous to fight with real corruption. The limitation and resources should be expanded by the government and bring taxation back to life through educational systems and social awareness.

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Research on the Assessment of Disaster-Carrying Bodies’ Comprehensive Vulnerability on Variable Fuzzy Clustering

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.1227 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 998-999 ◽

pp. 1227-1230

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Dong Ming Wang

Keyword(s):

Data Processing ◽

Fuzzy Clustering ◽

Vulnerability Assessment ◽

Index System ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Index Model ◽

Disaster Vulnerability ◽

Urban Disaster ◽

Risk Research ◽

The Index System

The disaster-carrying bodies’ comprehensive vulnerability is a key to the risk research of urban disaster. Vulnerability is a comprehensive attribute of the hazard-carrying bodies and is affected deeply by society, economic and environment. The index system of the vulnerability assessment is worked out with the method of variable fuzzy clustering. The comprehensive vulnerability index model is structured, and the comprehensive vulnerability is calculated in the following example. Comparative to the existing research, variable fuzzy clustering and comprehensive vulnerability index model are more objective in data processing and the influence of the clustering categories is reduced.

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