scholarly journals Features of the formation of certain bones of the skull at the early stages of human ontogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3 (99)) ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
O. Tsyhykalo ◽  
R. Dmytrenko ◽  
I. Popova ◽  
B. Banul
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Ossification Centers ◽  
Parietal Bones ◽  
Skull Bones

The study of morphogenesis and embryotopography of skull bones is important not only in understanding the normal development of the human embryo but also will improve existing methods of invasive treatment and visualization of various pathologies of the central nervous system in children.The aim was to investigate the peculiarities of morphogenesis and topography of some skull bones during the early stages of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. We have studied 14 series of consecutive histological sections of human embryos and pre-fetuses aged 6 to 11 weeks of intrauterine development by using a set of topical morphological methods (anthropometry, morphometry, histology, three-dimensional reconstruction).Results. The frontal and parietal bones appear at the end of the embryonic period as mesenchymal rudiments that gradually expand upwards from primary points of ossification (starting from the basolateral parts of the head). During 8th week of IUD, the germ of the ectomeningeal capsule is detected in the form of a thin plate, close to the brain. At the beginning of the pre-fetal period, histological signs of membranous ossification are revealed; frontal and parietal bones develop from paired rudiments, which gradually fuse, which was accompanied by active angiogenesis.Conclusions. The primary ossification centers in frontal and parietal bones of the human embryo appear at the beginning of embryological period and develop by membranous type. Two ossification centers appear in frontal and parietal bones and they gradually merge. At the beginning of the prenatal period, the rudiment of a small wing of the sphenoid, spheno-ethmoidal cartilage and signs of merging of both ossification centers in the parietal bone are detected.

XXVI.—Observations on the Early Development of the Human Embryo

1925 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Individual

This memoir is based upon the study of three normal human embryos belonging to the period of development preceding the cleavage of the paraxial mesoderm into the primitive segments, as well as of certain abnormal specimens of the same early period which have yielded valuable corroborative data, but will not be described in detail. Well-preserved specimens belonging to these early stages are very rare, and our knowledge has been, and can only be, built up from the detailed descriptions of isolated cases by the individual observers into whose hands they happen to fall.

Three-dimensional changes in the craniofacial complex associated with soft-diet feeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-516
Author(s):  
Kana Kono ◽  
Chihiro Tanikawa ◽  
Yuka Murata ◽  
Takeshi Yanagita ◽  
Hiroshi Kamioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Temporal Muscle ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Soft Diet ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Parietal Bones

Summary Background and objectives The masticatory force affects craniofacial development. We aimed to quantify the topological deviation of the growing craniofacial structure due to soft-food diet feeding and to map the region where the phenotypes appeared on three-dimensional (3D) images. Material and methods Mice were fed a powdered soft diet (SD) or conventional hard diet (HD) of regular rodent pellets at 3 weeks of age until 9 weeks of age. The heads, excluding the mandibles, were scanned by micro-computed tomography. The topographic deviation of the bony surface was quantitatively assessed by a wire mesh fitting analysis. The actual displacement and significant differences were mapped and visualized in each x-, y-, and z-axis on the 3D craniofacial image. On these reconstructed images, two-dimensional linear measurements between the landmark points confirmed the 3D skeletal displacement. Results In the transverse direction, the zygomatic arches and the region in which the temporal muscle attaches to the parietal and temporal bones were narrow in the SD group. The temporal muscle attachment regions significantly shifted anteriorly, and consequently, the sagittal zygomatic arch shortened. Although the cranial sagittal length was not affected, the vertical height was also reduced in the SD group compared to the HD group. Conclusions Our 3D surface-based analysis demonstrated that SD feeding resulted in reduced 3D bony development at the region where the chewing muscles attach to the zygomatic arches and the temporal and parietal bones. Interestingly, SD feeding induced an anterior shift in the temporal and parietal bone regions, which can affect the skeletal inter-jaw relationship.

scholarly journals Foramina parietalia permagna: Case report

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 658-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Nikolic ◽  
Vladimir Zivkovic ◽  
Veljko Strajina
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Forensic Autopsy ◽  
Fibrous Membrane ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Forensic Pathologist ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Know How ◽  
Parietal Bones ◽  
Skull Bones

Introduction. In forensic autopsy, pathologists are not particularly interested in the anatomical morphological variations of the skull bones, especially if those variations are not very frequent. Foramina parietalia permagna are developmental benign anomalies resulting from large ossification defects of the parietal bone. Case Outline. Herein was presented a case of 80-year-old female, whose autopsy revealed congenital defect of parietal bones - enlarged parietal foramina. These defects were capped by a fibrous membrane and covered by normal scalp. This condition was completely asymptomatic. Despite the fact that the deceased was very old, the giant parietal foramina were recognized. Conclusion. The forensic pathologist must know how to recognize morphological variations of the skull bones, such as foramina parietalia permagna despite their rare occurrence. This benign anomaly could be associated with anomalies of cerebral venous development and cortical infolding, or asymptomatic as in the presented case. This anomaly of parietal bones could be a useful tool in the identification of forensic cases.

Spinal cord-notochord relationship in normal human embryos and in a human embryo with double spinal cord

1993 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirna Saraga-Babi� ◽  
Vedran Stefanovi� ◽  
Jorma Wartiovaara ◽  
Eero Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Normal Human

scholarly journals LECTIN-HISTOCHEMICAL REGULARITIES OF DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HUMAN PAROTID GLAND EPITHELIAL GERMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
О. М. Slobodian ◽  
L. P. Lavriv ◽  
D. B. Stoliar ◽  
I. S. Kashperuk-Karpiuk ◽  
L. M. Rak
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Sambucus Nigra Agglutinin ◽  
Laburnum Anagyroides ◽  
Prenatal Ontogenesis ◽  
Histochemical Examination

Glycopolymer compounds make up structural and functional basis of cells and tissues of a living organism. The necessity of anatomical-lectinohistochemical examination of the parotid gland in early prenatal period of ontogenesis is substantiated, as the evidences concerning its topography are fragmentary and not systematized, and certain aspects of its ontogenesis are disputable. 35 human embryos and pre-fetuses aged from 21 days to 12 weeks of intrauterine development were examined. Glycopolymers were found by means of treatment of serial sections with lectins conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The dynamics of prenatal morphogenesis of the embryos and pre-fetuses of the 4th-12th week of embryogenesis expression of glycopolymers – lectinreceptors on the surface of cells, in the cytoplasm and on the basal membrane of the parotid gland epithelial germs and the human oral cavity with its derivatives by re-distribution of glycopolymers are similar, which can be the evidence of ectodermal source of the parotid gland epithelial germ. Immersion of the epithelial cells of the buccal-alveolar pockets into the lower adjacent mesenchyme with the formation of primary parotid gland germs in embryos with 11,0-12,5 mm of PCL and their transformation into the epithelial taeniae is associated with accumulation of sialic glycopolymers (N-acetyl neuraminic acid), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine – specific to Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA); N-acetyl-2-desoxy-2-amino-D-glucopyranose, screened by sialic acid of ß-D-galactose and α-L-fucose – specific to Helix pomatia (edible snail) agglutinin (HPA),  Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin (RCA) and Laburnum anagyroides (Golden Rain shrub) agglutinin (LABA) respectively. These glycopolymers are present during the first 12 weeks both on the cytolemma of the cells of the parotid gland epithelial germ and in their cytoplasm.   The results of lectin-histochemical examination of the early prenatal ontogenesis of the parotid gland can form the basis for the work of laboratories dealing with screening of morphological material in order to assess the degree of maturation and prognosis of fetus viability and diagnostics of deviations from normal development.

PS01.031: REVISITING THE ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION ANATOMY: WHERE IS THE INFRACARDIAC BURSA?

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Tatsuro Nakamura ◽  
Hisashi Shinohara ◽  
Tomoaki Okada ◽  
Shigeo Hisamori ◽  
Shigeru Tsunoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophagogastric Junction ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Transhiatal Approach ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background The infracardiac bursa (ICB), the closed space encountered in the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) surgery, is rarely described in anatomical atlases. The purpose of the study is to link surgery to embryology and propose the new anatomical chart including the ICB. Methods Histological serial sections of Carnegie stages (CS) 13–23 embryos and magnetic resonance (MR) images of the fetus with 43.5 mm crown-rump length from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos were examined for embryological changes in the ICB. Seventy-four surgery videos of laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagectomy were reviewed to investigate the appearance of the ICB and frequency of the recognition in surgery. Results The right pneumato-enteric recess appeared in CS13 embryos and the ICB was separated from the recess by the development of the diaphragm between CS17 and CS18 embryos and established as a closed space up until CS23. The three-dimensional reconstruction of fetus MR images showed the ICB was located adjacent nearly one third around the esophagus above the right crus. The ICB was clinically encountered in 12 of 14 (86%) transhiatal surgeries and 23 of 60 (38%) thoracic surgeries. Via the transhiatal approach, the caudal edge of the ICB appeared as a thick whitish membrane after the dissection of the phrenico-esophageal ligament and a closed space enveloped with a serosa was opened by the incision of the membrane. Via the right thoracic approach, the ICB appeared on the right crus after the dissection of the pulmonary ligament. Conclusion We described a new chart around EGJ including the ICB based on embryology. This anatomical chart can contribute to promote accuracy and safety of operating procedures around the EGJ. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Anatomical Variability of Fascial-Muscle Formations of the Thorax in 4-6-Month Human Fetuses

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
T. V. Khmara ◽  
◽  
I. I. Okrym ◽  
M. Yu. Leka ◽  
I. D. Kiiun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pectoralis Major Muscle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Rib Cartilage

The development of rational accesses and methods of surgical interventions to the chest walls, muscles and vascular-nerve formations of the chest involves clarifying data on the topography of fascia, superficial and deep muscles of the chest at different stages of human ontogenesis. The purpose of the study. Identification of macromicroscopic structure and topography of fascia and chest muscles in 4-6-month human fetuses. Materials and methods. The study was performed using microscopy of a series of consecutive histological sections of 29 human embryos of 81.0-230.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length, production of three-dimensional reconstruction models and morphometry. Results and discussion. In some early fetuses, and in isolated cases in the same fetus, there is anatomical variability of the pectoralis major muscle, characterized by asymmetry of shape, size and topography of individual parts of the right and left pectoralis major muscles. The underdevelopment of the individual muscle bundles of the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major muscle, hypoplasia of the internal intervertebral muscles, aplasia of the external intercostal membrane, internal intercostal and subcostal muscles, transverse muscles of the chest is described. Conclusion. In human fetuses of 4-6 months old there is anatomical variability of the chest muscles, characterized by bilateral asymmetry, variability of shape, size and topography of both their individual parts and muscle as a whole. In early human fetuses, thoracic fascia is a rather thin structural plate, in the structure of which there is no layering. Intervertebral spaces at the level of rib cartilage are filled with internal intervertebral muscles, the fibers of which near the edges of the thorax have a vertical direction, and from the point of connection of the rib cartilage to the thorax – oblique. In the gap between the external and internal intervertebral muscles of fascia as such is not manifested, but only a small layer of loose fiber is determined, in which the vascular-nerve bundles pass. In the fetuses of 6 months, the endothorаcic fascia on the posterior wall of the chest is somewhat thickened, split into separate plates and forms fascial cases for vascular-nerve formations located near the spinal column

La fine del concetto di “pre-embrione” nella Convenzione di Oviedo / The end of the concept of “pre-embryo” in the Oviedo Convention

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-745
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Marina Casini
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Moment

Il contributo si sofferma sulla questione riguardante la ricerca scientifica sugli embrioni generati in vitro. L’articolo 18 della Convenzione riguarda specificamente la sperimentazione sull’embrione in vitro e per questo esso è sottoposto ad una riflessione particolarmente approfondita. L’obiettivo è quello di capire se dalla Convenzione emergono linee idonee a definire lo statuto giuridico dell’embrione umano. Gli Autori concludono nel senso che nonostante il concetto di pre-embrione (formulato proprio per teorizzare l’insignificanza dell’embrione umano nei primi 14 giorni dalla fecondazione) sia stato accolto in alcune leggi e abbia implicitamente guidato l’interpretazione di alcuni aspetti relativi alla valutazione del valore dell’embrione, la Convenzione di bioetica lo ha definitivamente respinto con il massimo di autorevolezza. La conclusione è raggiunta attraverso l’esame dell’art. 18 considerandone anche la precedente formulazione contenuta in una bozza; mediante una interpretazione sistematica della Convenzione che esige il riconoscimento del concepito, fin dalla fecondazione, come un “essere umano”; esaminando i contributi preparatori elaborati dalla Assemblea Parlamentare del Consiglio d’Europa e del Parlamento Europeo; prendendo in considerazione gli sviluppi della Convenzione di Oviedo con specifico riferimento al tema del pre-embrione. L’indagine si avvale poi anche di ampi riferimenti alla giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo del Consiglio d’Europa, alla giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, ad alcune recenti decisioni della Corte Costituzionale italiana. ---------- The paper focuses on the question concerning scientific research on human embryos generated in vitro. Article 18 of the Oviedo Convention specifically concerns the experimentation on the in vitro embryos and for this reason it is subject to a particularly in-depth reflection. The goal is to understand if the Convention shows suitable lines to define the legal status of the human embryo. The authors conclude that despite the concept of pre-embryo (formulated to theorize the insignificance of the human embryo in the first 14 days of fertilization) has been accepted in some laws and has implicitly guided the interpretation of some aspects related to the evaluation of the value of the embryo, the Bioethics Convention definitively rejected it with the utmost authority. The conclusion is reached through the examination of the art. 18 also considering the previous formulation contained in a draft; through a systematic interpretation of the Convention which requires the recognition of the conceived, from the moment of fertilization, as a “human being”; examining the preparatory contributions prepared by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament; taking into consideration the developments of the Oviedo Convention with specific reference to the theme of the pre-embryo. The investigation also makes use of extensive references to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe, to the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, to some recent decisions of the Italian Constitutional Court.

Sachstand zur Manipulierbarkeit des menschlichen Embryos hinsichtlich seiner Spezieszugehörigkeit und Entwicklungsfähigkeit

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Martin Hähnel ◽  
Roland Kipke
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Current State ◽  
Embryo Protection Act ◽  
Species Membership ◽  
State Of Research

This report presents the current state of research in the debate on embryo protection. On the basis of scientific findings on species membership and the capacity of human embryos to develop properly, the report examines the extent to which these empirical facts influence the debate on the legal status of the human embryo. At the end of the article, the authors present the options for the further discussion with regard to the German Embryo Protection Act.

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