scholarly journals Explicadoras do Rio de Janeiro: encontros e desencontros em trajetórias profissionais singulares

Author(s):  
Luiz Mattos

Trata-se de estudo de natureza empírica, com inspiração etnográfica e que tencionou analisar as trajetórias de nove explicadoras, ou melhor, professoras que lecionavam nas suas próprias residências, em locais como salas de jantar, varandas e quintais, para turmas multisseriadas compostas por alunos que estudavam, na sua maioria, da classe de alfabetização à oitava série. Três questões nucleares compuseram o eixo central investigativo do estudo: a) O que eram as explicadoras? b) Como se deram seus processos de socialização na direção do magistério e, posteriormente, do magistério doméstico? e b) Como atuavam nos seus espaços de trabalho? Procedeu-se no início do estudo a uma revisão dos trabalhos do campo da História da Profissão Docente, com o intuito de situá-lo como tal e, por conseguinte, defini-lo como um estudo de um tipo de exercício da docência. Em seguida, a pesquisa apresentou, com riqueza de detalhes, os principais dados colhidos no decorrer das entrevistas exploratórias, das observações participantes e das entrevistas semi-estruturadas – todos esses, instrumentos metodológicos acionados na condução do trabalho de campo. Os processos de socialização das nove professoras, inicialmente na direção do magistério e, posteriormente, na direção do trabalho como explicadoras, foram analisados à luz dos conceitos de habitus e estratégia elaborados por Pierre Bourdieu e interpretados na pesquisa por Nogueira, Lelis e Perrenoud. Os resultados sugerem que, dentro das condições materiais de existência das nove explicadoras, o magistério se configurou como saída possível para suas aspirações profissionais, enquanto que o ofício de explicadora reunia, para elas, condições práticas ideais, uma vez que garantia proventos mensais sem nenhum tipo de desconto e, principalmente, a possibilidade de exercer um ofício podendo administrar o lar e acompanhar de perto os filhos. Com relação à terceira questão da pesquisa, sete eixos temáticos foram forjados a partir da potência dos dados oriundos da empiria. Foram eles: as estratégias didáticas utilizadas pelas explicadoras; as rotinas criadas por elas para darem conta das demandas diárias dos alunos; os recursos por elas acionados para conseguirem atender as variadas solicitações oriundas da pluralidade de seus atendimentos; as relações travadas por elas com as famílias, escolas e alunos; a visão que cada uma delas tinha sobre escola, família e aluno; as diferenças que marcavam o êxito de suas intervenções junto aos alunos se comparadas às escolas e, por último, os sonhos e desejos alimentados por todas elas como mulheres e professoras – todos apontando para o perfil de uma modalidade de exercício da docência e para a singularidade de experiências vividas a partir das histórias individuais de nove mulheres. Cabe ressaltar que o estudo teve condições de detectar um certo esgotamento das possibilidades das famílias em acompanharem a demanda de tarefas propostas pelas escolas para os alunos. Palavras-chave: história da profissão docente, práticas docentes, magistério, docência, tipos de exercício da docência, modos de atuação no magistério, explicadoras. Abstract The study is of an empirical nature, with ethnographic inspiration and it intended to analyze the trajectories of nine "explicators", better saying, teachers who teach in their own residences, in dining rooms, balconies and yards, for classes with students from pre-school to primary school. Three core questions composed the central axis of the study: a) who were the "explicators"? b) how were their processes of socialization in teaching and, later, in home teaching? and c) how they acted in their work environment? In the beginning of the study, one made a revision of the works in the History of Teaching, with the intention to point it out as such and, therefore, define it as a study of a kind of teaching. After that, the research presented, rich in details, the main data gathered from the interviews, from the observations and from the half-structuralized interviews – all these, methodological instruments concerning fieldwork. The processes of socialization of the nine teachers, initially in the school direction, and, later, in the direction of the work as explicators, were analyzed in the light of the concepts of habitus and strategy elaborated by Pierre Bourdieu and interpreted in the research by Nogueira, Lelis and Perrenoud. The results suggest that, within the material conditions of the nine explicators, teaching was a viable path for their professional aspirations, while being an explicator meant, for them, the ideal practical conditions, since they could earn money without tax discounting and, mainly, the possibility to work and to be able to manage their homes and to take care of their children. In relation to the third question of the research, seven thematic axes were forged from the deriving data from the empirics. They are the following: the didactic strategies used by the explicators; the routines created for them to manage the daily demands of the students; the resources set for them in order to take care of the requests deriving from the plurality of their teaching; their relationship with the families, schools and students; the vision that each one of them had about school, family and student; the differences that marked the success of their interventions together with the students when compared to the schools and, finally, their dreams and desires as women and teachers – all pointing to the profile of teaching and to the singularity of experiences lived by the individual histories of nine women. One should point out that the study was in condition to detect a certain exhaustion of the possibilities concerning the fact that the families could not follow the demand of tasks proposed for the students by the schools. Keywords: history of teaching, teachers' practices, teaching, ways of teaching, explicators.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tung-Ying Wu

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] "This dissertation is a combination of three different projects. The first project investigates the history of philosophy: Kant's refutation of idealism. In this project I propose a more plausible interpretation of Kant's argument against idealism. Next, the second project investigates ethical theory: the ideal observer view. There, I criticize an argument for ideal observer view as untenable. Finally, the third project investigates decision theory: the decision problem: Psycho Buttons. I argue that causal decision theory supplemented with Full Information does not lead to intransitivity in Psycho Buttons. In this chapter I present an introduction to each project." --Introduction


2020 ◽  
pp. medhum-2019-011842
Author(s):  
Sarah Chaney

The word ‘compassion’ is ubiquitous in modern healthcare. Yet few writers agree on what the term means, and what makes it an essential trait in nursing. In this article, I take a historical approach to the problem of understanding compassion. Although many modern writers have assumed that compassion is a universal and unchanging trait, my research reveals that the term is extremely new to healthcare, only becoming widely used in 2009. Of course, even if compassion is a new term in nursing, the concept could have previously existed under another name. I thus consider the emotional qualities associated with the ideal nurse during the interwar period in the UK. While compassion was not mentioned in nursing guidance in this era another term, ‘sympathy’, made frequent appearance. The interwar concept of sympathy, however, differs significantly from the modern one of compassion. Sympathy was not an isolated concept. In the interwar era, it was most often linked to the nurse’s tact or diplomacy. A closer investigation of this link highlights the emphasis laid on patient management in nursing in this period, and the way class differentials in emotion between nurse and patient were considered essential to the efficient running of hospitals. This model of sympathy is very different from the way the modern ‘compassion’ is associated with patient satisfaction or choice. Although contemporary healthcare policy assumes ‘compassion’ to be a timeless, personal characteristic rooted in the individual behaviours and choices of the nurse, this article concludes that compassionate nursing is a recent construct. Moreover, the performance of compassion relies on conditions and resources that often lie outside of the nurse’s personal control. Compassion in nursing—in theory and in practice—is inseparable from its specific contemporary contexts, just as sympathy was in the interwar period.


1917 ◽  
Vol 63 (263) ◽  
pp. 565-568
Author(s):  
Alan McDougall

In the beginning every creature was a patriarch: it was, philosophically, not only its individual self, but also all its potential progeny. Such a creature's whole conduct was directed towards the one goal of eternal life on earth. It so happened that in very many cases the creature's best chance of success involved association with other creatures of its kind, or even of other kinds. From this arose the complication of the acquirement of tribal instincts. Tribal instincts were acquired only for patriarchal purposes, though in very many cases they proved to be the immediate cause of the creature's death. A further complication arose when certain of the creatures acquired intellect and took to thinking. Philosophically, a living thing exists only that it may produce a generation capable of producing yet another generation. A generation is important only as the cause of its next generation. Intellect often gave the creature an immediate advantage over rivals, but it glorified the individual self at the expense of the patriarchal self. This is recognised in the third chapter of Genesis, where intellect is called the serpent, and thinking is called (in Chapter II) the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The statement that “in the day that thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die” declares that the race is kept going only by those who do not understand how to limit their families.


ISRN Urology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Rhana H. Zakri ◽  
Amit K. Patel ◽  
Babbin S. John ◽  
Nitin C. Shrotri

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) affects 10–20% of women in the general population. Surgery for stress incontinence has been performed on women for over a century, but with the advent of new urogynaecological sling procedures for its management, urological surgeons are having to deal with an increasing number of patients presenting with associated complications. With no clarity on the full range of possible complications or certain consensus on their optimal management, the ideal treatment remains a decision for the individual surgeon. In view of this, we felt it of common interest to review the literature for the history of sling procedures, present commonly arising complications, and seek to answer the question in the title.


1951 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Trinterud

It has been the peculiar lot of Puritanism that, while most men will agree that its influence—good or evil—upon Anglo-Saxon culture and history has been profound, yet great disagreement exists as to just what Puritanism was, how it began, and what aspects of traditional Anglo-Saxon thought and life are traceable to Puritanism. The most common view is that Puritanism was imported into England from Calvinistic Geneva by the returning Marian exiles. This view must then go on to account for the many non-Calvinistic elements in the Puritanism of the Civil War era. Another school of thought has sought to identify Puritanism with the beginnings of democratic political, social and economic ideals during the Tudor-Stuart era. Almost diametrically opposed to this is yet another school of thought which finds in Puritanism an ultra-rightist authoritarianism in theology and politics, and the seed-bed of an unbridled and Pharisaical capitalism. Still others see in Puritanism the long hard travail which gave birth to the ideal of complete freedom for the individual in all phases of life. Of necessity, each of these interpretations, and others not here mentioned, has sought to ground itself in the history of the English Reformation, and so we have many quite different accounts of the origins and history of Puritanism.


Rural History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Zdatny

AbstractThis article provides an object lesson in the history of thelongue durée, reflected in the comprehensive filthiness of rural life in the nineteenth century. Political upheaval had not changed the material conditions of peasant existence or sensibilities relating to hygiene. Economic revolution had as yet made no practical difference to the dirtiness of daily life. Peasants under the Second Empire lived much as they had under the Old Regime – in dark, damp houses with no conveniences, cheek by jowl with the livestock. Their largely unwashed bodies were wrapped in largely unchanged clothes. Babies were delivered with germ-covered hands, drank spoilt milk from dirty bottles, and spent their young days swaddled like mummies and marinating like teriyaki. The Third Republic set out to ‘civilize’ the rural masses, but this snapshot of material life in the nineteenth-century French countryside illustrates just how much work lay in front of it.


1938 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Thompson

The literature dealing with the intradermal test in whooping cough has been reviewed, and the claims as to the specific value of the test have been investigated in 1300 cases.A method for the extraction of endotoxin fromHaemophilus pertussishas been described and the intradermal response to this preparation compared with that following whole vaccine.The findings in this investigation do not support the claim that the intradermal response to Sauer's vaccine in the strength commonly employed (10,000 million organisms per c.c.) is of value either in demonstrating immunity to whooping cough or in the early diagnosis of this disease. The bacterial content of this vaccine appears to be too high for skin-testing purposes, giving rise to inflammatory lesions of a non-specific character rather than to allergic reactions of specific value. These reactions are less apparent when the vaccine is employed in a diluted form.The intradermal response to pertussis endotoxin, on the other hand, though not invariably consisting of a clear-cut reaction (and in this respect falling short of the ideal as a reagent) is more consistent with the development of the allergic state towardsH. pertussis, reactions presumably of this nature being present in the skin of approximately 85% of children with a past history of whooping cough. Similar reactions, however, can be elicited in the skin of about 30% of individuals with no history of the disease; but in view of the fact that, unlike the more invasive virus diseases, many individuals never develop whooping cough in spite of almost certain exposure when young, it is suggested that latent immunization or recent contact with the causative organism might account for this phenomenon. Whether these reactions indicate merely sensitization or a definite immunity to pertussis must remain, for the time being,sub judice.The onset of bacterial hypersensitiveness, as judged by the pertussis endotoxin test, appears about the 10th day of whooping cough and becomes heightened during the subsequent course of the disease. Ultimately this cutaneous allergy undergoes a regression, which, however, is not always complete. For this reason the pertussis endotoxin test would appear to be of some value in assessing the immune state of the individual, and also as a diagnostic reaction in early, atypical or late cases of whooping cough where bacteriological findings by the cough plate method have proved disappointing.


2015 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kherad Pezhouh ◽  
Jason Y. Park

Pyloric gland adenomas are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric pyloric gland adenomas have been shown to arise in chronically damaged mucosa. The neoplastic glands have gastric pyloric gland differentiation and have a tightly packed organization with occasional cystic dilatation. The individual cells are cuboidal to columnar, with eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm and either no apical mucin cap or a poorly formed apical mucin cap. The nuclei are round to oval, with occasional prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells label with markers of gastric pyloric gland differentiation, including MUC6 and MUC5AC. There is limited information regarding the natural history of pyloric gland adenomas, but clinical series have described adenocarcinomas in association with gastric pyloric gland adenomas. The ideal clinical management is adequate sampling of the lesion to investigate for high-grade dysplasia and/or invasive cancer and recommendation to clinical colleagues to investigate the background mucosa for the etiology of chronic gastritis as well as potential additional neoplastic lesions. This review will focus on gastric pyloric gland adenomas.


Author(s):  
Natalia N. Zubareva ◽  
Elena V. Kireeva

The variable assessments of the problem called «school and society» in Russia of the second half of the 19th – the early 20th centuries are defi ned in the publication, the basic ideas of formation of the educational ideal of general secondary education, topical for both pre-revolutionary period and the present, are considered. Analysis and generalisation of variable approaches to problems of formation of ideal of general secondary education, discussions about upbringing – priority of a person or a specialist – are carried out by the authors. The content of the article refl ects the results of theoretical and practical research, related to the analysis of the works of the leading pedagogues of the period under study (Pavel Blonsky, Vasiliy Vakhterov, Pyotr Kapterev, Nikolay Kareyev, Dmitry Pisarev, Nikolay Pirogov, Vladimir Stoyunin, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolay Chernyshevsky) on singling out the ideas which infl uences the ideal of the period of study. We will list among them: the opportunity to rebuild society through the restructuring of the school; the school lag from the demands of society, i.e., from life; contradictions that arise between public and individual (personal) educational requests; identifi cation of priorities for the interests of the individual. The presented ideas allow to trace continuity with modern education and with their refl ection in modern interpretation of «educational ideal.» The content of the publication may primarily be of interest to teachers of general education organisations, as well as to pedagogues-researchers who work on problems of the history of pedagogy in the system of general secondary education of the period under study.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Zuhal İNCE ◽  
Yasemin AYYILDIZ

While societies enhance their ideas, thoughts and practices for education systems to build their future; they carry out a number of major activities by protecting the history of the transfer of cultural heritage. In this research, one of the thinkers and scientists of the Karakhanids Period; Farabi's idea; "The purpose of education is to find happiness and make the individual beneficial to society", Avicenna’s "The primary education of the child is moral education", based on their ideas, the structure and characteristics of education and training from the Farabi and Avicenna periods to the present day is a work has been done. Documentary survey model was applied in the research, by scanning the works and sources in this field, the works of the scientists of the period and their effects on education were examined. In the light of this research, it is aimed to gather information about the foundations of our education understanding from the past to the present and to reveal the reflections of this information on today's educational intellection. As we move towards a time when everything can be done with machines in our age built with technology, globalization and tough competition environments, the important element that does not change in education is “What kind of person should we train?” the answer to the question shows itself from history to the present. It is monitored that philosophers and scientists from a thousand years ago said; the characteristics that education administrators and teachers should have must be human being and to train him/her in the ideal way.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document