The evolution of the Byzantine Empire after the death of Emperor Constantine the Great until the tenth century

"Constantine the Great considered himself the representative of God on earth, but also the fact that through his mind is transmitted “divine intelligence.” This conception about the emperor manifested itself throughout the existence of the Byzantine Empire. The emperors who followed Constantine the Great intervened in problems that arose within the Church. Some of them supported it, and others who shared the heresies that appeared during this period, persecuted the important representatives of the Church who tried to defend the purity of Christianity. Within the Byzantine Empire, numerous transformations will now take place in all fields, and these transformations will lay the foundations on which the Byzantine state developed. "

VIII.—The Palace of Westminster in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

Archaeologia ◽

10.1017/s0261340900009383 ◽

1906 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 131-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. R. Lethaby

Keyword(s):

Twelfth Century ◽

Tenth Century ◽

Positive Evidence ◽

Parallel Case ◽

Edward The Confessor ◽

We do not know when the English kings took up their residence at Westminster. Some slight indications suggest that Canute may have first established himself here. It is clear from the name Westminster that the Abbey was first in place, and this is confirmed by the position of the Palace, built along a narrow marshy strip between the better ground of the Abbey precinct and the river. Holyrood seems to be a parallel case of a famous religious house drawing the king's palace to its side. There is no certain evidence for the existence of the Abbey itself until the opening of the last third of the tenth century. The points in favour of Canute's residence at Westminster are as follows. His son Harold was buried in the Abbey, and according to the traditions of the house he was a great benefactor to it, presenting it with many relics, and being much attached to the Abbot Wulnoth. Gaimar, a twelfth-century writer, says that the dispute as to the tide happened at Westminster. “He was in London on the Thames, the tide was flowing near the church called Westminster, and the king stood at the strand on the sand.” The first positive evidence as to the Saxon palace is contained in William of Malmesbury's Chronicle, which tells how King Edward the Confessor was wearing his crown at Westminster, and while sitting at table one Easter Day, surrounded by nobles, he saw a vision.

ВАРОНОВИ ТЕКСТОВИ ИЗ ПОЉОПРИВРЕДЕ У ВИЗАНТИЈСКОЈ ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДИЈИ ГЕОПОНИЦИ/VARRO’S TEXTS FROM AGRICULTURE IN BYZANTINE ENCYCLOPEDIAS GEOPONIKA/VARRO TEXTS FROM AGRICULTURE IN BYZANTINE ENCYCLOPEDIAS GEOPONIKA

TEME ◽

10.22190/teme1604421s ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1421

Author(s):

Зоран Симоновић

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Production ◽

Tenth Century ◽

First Century ◽

Byzantine Empire ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Historical Overview ◽

Cattle Breeding

The paper discusses Varro’s texts about agriculture included in the Byzantine encyclopedia on agriculture by the redactor. The paper gives a historical overview of the use of Varro’s texts from the end of the first century BC to the middle of the tenth century. The texts refer to the following topics: when and in what month should certain agricultural crops be grown, how can the land be cultivated, instructions for the production of grapes, wine, olives and artichokes, feathered fowls and cattle breeding and other animals. Based on centuries of using Varro’s texts on agriculture, there is an impression that these texts had great importance for the development of agricultural production not only in Rome but also the Byzantine Empire.

STATE SYMBOL OF RUSSIA AND ALBANIA: COMPARATIVE ASPECT

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ◽

10.17721/apmv.2019.141.1.28-38 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 28-38

Author(s):

Y. Romanenko

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Political Elite ◽

Military Coup ◽

Byzantine Empire ◽

Authoritarian State ◽

Head Of State ◽

Comparative Aspect ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Church ◽

Comparative Description

The purpose of this research is a comparative description of the visual features of the national flags of Russia and Albania as symbols of diffusion of macroidentity, which is expressed in the contradictory vectors of their foreign policy and focus on both European and Asian macroidentity. Based on color semantics, the article analyzes the state flags of Russia and Albania, which, as in state symbols, reveal the features of the geopolitical positioning of states. The connection between the axial symbol of identity – the double-headed eagle – and the bifurcation (diffuseness) of political macroidentity is shown. The features common to the two states are shown: a tendency toward geopolitical isolationism, authoritarian state power, the dependence of the institution of the church on the state and statist atheism, the prevalence of corrupt practices, the emphasis on forced modernization and extraordinary technologies for overcoming situations of foreign political challenges. It is stated that in both countries there is a corruption of power, a sign of which is a fierce struggle for power during most of Byzantine history. It was determined that this struggle was not waged by political methods, but by force – a military coup, uprising or assassination of the current head of state. In the geopolitical position of Albania, this was due to Skannerberg’s attempt to combine two in one: Islamic and Orthodox identities, as well as situational adaptation of the country’s political elite to the next occupier: from 1443, i.e. the years of struggle against Turkish rule and until 1944 the coat of arms acquired alternately Turkish, Austrian, Greek, Italian and Soviet-Russian details. The coat of arms of the Russian Federation also contains Byzantine elements, which indicates a spiritual succession with the Byzantine Empire, however, with less borrowing.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL CONDITIONALITY OF THE AUTOCEPHALOUS SYSTEM OF THE UNIVERSAL ORTHODOXY

Sophia. Human and Religious Studies Bulletin ◽

10.17721/sophia.2020.15.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 12-17

Author(s):

Andriy Kobetіak

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Natural State ◽

Byzantine Empire ◽

Ancient Rome ◽

Local Churches ◽

Church Management ◽

Political Bargaining ◽

Church Structure ◽

Church Law ◽

The article deals with one of the fundamental problems of the whole corps of the church law – autocephalous principle of the existence of the church. This problem drives the researchers' attention to the very essence of the existence of orthodoxy in general. The preaching of Christ and the Gospel leave no direct pointers of the internal organization of the church. The apostles make only the subtle hints to the administrative arrangement of the church in general. Their mission preaching and spreading the faith to all nations, however, they did not envisage any other administrative system than autocephaly. Church dogmas and canons, which regulate all aspects of the life of the Church, were formed during the heyday of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire. However, the significant politicization and dependence of the church on imperial power led to the proclamation of a number of canons that contradicted the original nature of the church. This also applies to autocephaly. Under the pressure of the state authorities, the primacy of honor together with ancient Rome is shared by the capital's Constantinople chair. The theory of the "Five Patriarchates" is be- ing formed, which are called to rule the world Orthodoxy. During the Ecumenical Councils, autocephaly was transformed from a basic and natural state of the Church existence into a certain privilege and a subject of political bargaining in the international arena.Despite the long process of forming the canonical and legal corps of Orthodoxy, there is no clear regulation of the procedure for proclaiming a new autocephalous church today. This led to significant misunderstandings and the termination of Eucharistic communion by a number of Local Churches after granting autocephalous status to the Ukrainian Church. Theological disputes over the very procedure of signing the Tomos still take place today. Besides theoretical justification, the internal church structure also has a practical value for the process of bestowing autocephaly on the new national Local Churches. This is relevant due to the struggle of a number of modern countries for the church independence and the Ecumenical recognition. Starting since the Byzantine Empire times, the state power has constantly imposed its own church management principle and methods, which often was going against traditions and canonical norms. Orthodox ecclesiology offers its own approach to church-administrative management. It is proved that merely the autocephalous system is the only acceptable option of the existence of the Universal Orthodoxy.

The Lashkendar Church and the Alan-Abkhazian Cultural Contacts: Prospects of Studying

Observatory of Culture ◽

10.25281/2072-3156-2018-15-3-298-308 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 298-308 ◽

Author(s):

E. Yu. Endoltseva

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Cultural Exchange ◽

Silk Road ◽

Byzantine Empire ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Krasnodar Region ◽

The Church ◽

The Silk Road ◽

Christian Beliefs

The article studies the Alan-Abkhazian cultural contacts by analyzing architectural decorations of these peoples. Actuality of the study is determined by considering the architectural decorations as a cultural marker of Abkhazians and Alans in the period of the 8th—10th centuries. This point of consideration is primarily important for studying the material culture of the ethnic groups living in close proximity to the route of the Silk Road, which is regarded as a powerful catalyst for cultural exchange between the numerous tribes and peoples each having its own unique and diverse artistic skills. The article compares a number of artifacts: some fragments of the altar barrier from Anacopia (Republic of Abkhazia, New Athos) and some fragments of the altar barrier from the Ilyichevskoe Hillfort (Krasnodar Region, Otradnensky District). This allows the author to state that there existed common ornamental schemes in the monumental art of those peoples in the period preceding the 13th—14th centuries. The article analyzes the patterns and zoomorphic images of “animals in a heraldic pose” from the church on Mount Lashkendar (Republic of Abkhazia, Tkuarchalsky District), and a dog from the Alan tomb of the Kyafarskoe Hillfort (Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Zelenchuksky District), providing additional arguments for the animals’ identifi cation. The author explores the system of images of the Alan tomb to determine the semantics of the dog’s image in the Christian church’s decoration and comes to the conclusion that the symbolism of the dog’s image originates from pre-Christian beliefs (namely, those Zoroastrian). The article emphasizes the fruitfulness of studying the Alan-Abkhazian contacts using the example of architectural decoration: it makes possible to identify some images and specify their dates. The author offers a variant of identifi cation of the relief from Mount Lashkendar; defi nes the place of this unique monument in the course of formation of the original artistic culture of the Abkhazian Kingdom; notes the heterogeneous infl uences on this process, coming both from the territories of different regions of the Byzantine Empire (Constantinople, Cappadocia, etc.) and from Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia). The Alan-Abkhazian layer of cultural contacts is highlighted.

Ukrainian Catholicism: The Church-Ritual Aspect

Ukrainian Religious Studies ◽

10.32420/2004.30.1511 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 96-105

Author(s):

S.R. Kyiak

Keyword(s):

Jesus Christ ◽

Byzantine Empire ◽

Independent State ◽

Special Place ◽

Church Life ◽

In Ukrainian church life, the influence of the Byzantine Empire, which has existed for over eleven centuries, holds a special place. This unique Greek superpower became the first independent state where faith in Jesus Christ became part of the entire state complex. It was this faith that united Byzantium with the Ecumenical Church, whose center of history was rooted in Rome.

The Peasant's Pre-Emption Right: An Abortive Reform of the Macedonian Emperors

The Journal of Roman Studies ◽

10.2307/298461 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 37 (1-2) ◽

pp. 117-126 ◽

Author(s):

G. Ostrogorsky

Keyword(s):

Land Tenure ◽

Tenth Century ◽

Seventh Century ◽

Byzantine Empire ◽

Centrifugal Forces ◽

Internal Development ◽

Actual Existence ◽

Principal Source ◽

History Of ◽

External Power

The struggle which the Byzantine government had to wage in the tenth century to protect small freeholders against the landed aristocracy represents a most interesting and important phase in the internal development of the Byzantine State. It can be said without exaggeration that the issue of the struggle determined the very fate of the Empire. The history of this stubborn, dramatic conflict has been outlined more than once. My intention is not to narrate it again, but to illustrate by a few concrete examples the causes which prevented the Byzantine government from effectively safeguarding the smallholder.The system of land tenure by free peasant proprietors and stratiotai—soldiers settled in the themes—formed the mainstay of the Byzantine Empire from the time of its recovery in the seventh century, as well as its principal source of both internal strength and external power. Naturally, the imperial government intervened in favour of the smallholder when it became clear that peasant and stratiote property was being rapidly absorbed by big landholders, with their former owners becoming serfs on the estates of lay landowners and monasteries. In protecting the smallholder against the encroachments of the feudal landed aristocracy, the State endeavoured to safeguard its soldiers and its best taxpayers, as well as its actual existence; for the development of the centrifugal forces of feudalism constituted a menace to the centralized and autocratic power of the Byzantine emperors.

Apostolic Monasticism at Tokalı Kilise in Cappadocia

Anatolian Studies ◽

10.2307/3642871 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 57-65 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony Cutler

Keyword(s):

Alluvial Soil ◽

Tenth Century ◽

Wall Painting ◽

Wall Paintings ◽

Relative Chronology ◽

At least as early as the day, nearly eighty years ago, when Hans Rott gained access to “Doghalikilise” through an entrance reduced to a narrow cleft by heaps of rubble and alluvial soil, the monument has been recognized as the largest and most important in Göreme. Many of the wall-paintings of both the Old and the New Church at Tokalı were published by Jerphanion who correctly appreciated the relative chronology of these successive phases. This pioneering and still fundamental survey was supplemented by the excellent photographs of Jeannine Le Brun in Restle's corpus of 1967. In the same year, Cormack suggested on stylistic and iconographic grounds a probable date of ca. 913–920 for the decoration of the Old Church, a period little less than half a century before its relatively gigantic successor was cut transversely across its eastern end. Now, within a year or two, Tokalı Kilise will receive the ultimate accolade of monographic treatment by Ann Wharton Epstein in a book which treats the church as a cultural whole and finally recognizes the frescoes in the New Church as the supreme achievement of Byzantine wall-painting to survive from the tenth century.

The Intellectual Influence of English Monasticism between the Tenth and the Twelfth Centuries

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.2307/3678137 ◽

1903 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 23-65 ◽

Author(s):

R. Graham

Keyword(s):

Tenth Century ◽

Monastic Life ◽

Intellectual Influence ◽

National Disaster ◽

At the opening of the tenth century monasticism was at its lowest ebb in England. King Alfred's attempts to revive the regular life had failed; some of the monasteries were homes of married priests, many more were ruinous and deserted. When Edgar had come into his kingdom, and was able to fulfil the vow which he had made as a boy to restore the monasteries to their former splendour, the time was ripe for success. The land had recovered from the ravages of war, and ‘the three torches’ of the Church—Dunstan, Athelwold, and Oswald—were ready to guide him. However, the brief but brilliant revival was checked by national disaster. From the time of the renewed Danish invasions monastic life steadily languished.

The Church and the Byzantine Empire: Epiphanic link of events

Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana ◽

10.21638/11701/spbu19.2017.111 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 162-169

Author(s):

Alexander N. Uzhankov ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Byzantine Empire ◽