Pendidikan Karakter Kristen Melalui Kebudayaan Manusia Toraja

Abstrac: Education cannot be separated from culture. Because education occurs in society and this education is a civilizing process. This culture itself is the basis for the formation of the community's personality. The character of the Toraja people, for example, is strongly influenced by the surrounding culture. And the majority of Toraja people adhere to Christian beliefs. Christian character is a picture of Christian identity. Christian character comes from the Bible as a source of truth for every believer. Attention is needed to build Christian character in the midst of Toraja's diverse culture. How the culture in Toraja can be a forum for educating Christian character. This paper will examine Christian character education in the context of Toraja culture.

Do Christian Counselors Show More Empathy Toward Christian Clients Than Secular Clients? An Examination of the Relations Between Counselors’ Empathy and Counselor–Client Similarity in Christian Commitment

This study investigated the association between counselors’ Christian beliefs and their counseling. One hundred fifty-eight participants, including 13 counselors and 145 counselors-in-training who were assessed for levels of Christian commitment, were randomly assigned to view one of two versions of a videotape (i.e., a client with or without Christian commitment) and respond in writing to the client’s problem. Two trained raters (i.e., a licensed counselor and an advanced counseling intern) evaluated counselors’ levels of empathy. Counselors with low and high levels of Christian commitment showed similar levels of empathy for non-Christian and Christian clients, while counselors with moderate levels of Christian commitment showed more empathy for Christian clients. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Church Education Strategies in Overcoming Syncretism in the Dayak Tribe of Punan Lisum

This research aims to find the appropriate strategy in overcoming syncretism in the lives of the Dayak Punan Lisum tribe so that their faith grows in the proper knowledge according to the Gospel. This research was conducted on the community in Muara Belinau Village, Tabang Districts, Kutai Kartanegata District, East Kalimantan. This study uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. Data collection was carried out using interviews. The results showed that the Dayak Punan Lisum Christians in Muara Belianu Village still believed in particular objects considered to have power from God. Even though they have become Christians for decades, they still hold on to their old beliefs. This research shows syncretism in the Dayak Punan Lisum community. However, teaching, preaching, pastoral counseling, discipleship, and involvement in prayer groups positively changed faith beliefs from old beliefs to Christian beliefs. In addition, faith-building in society reduced syncretism in the life of confidence in the Dayak Punan Lisum tribe. ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian untuk menemukan strategi yang tepat dalam upaya penanggulangan sinkretisme dalam kehidupan Suku Dayak Punan Lisum agar iman percayanya bertumbuh dalam pengetahuan yang benar sesuai dengan Injil. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada masyarakat di Desa Muara Belinau, Kecamatan Tabang, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegata, Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode etnografi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan wawancara, pengamatan dan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang Kristen Suku Dayak Punan Lisum di Desa Muara Belianu masih memercayai pada benda-benda tertentu yang dianggap memiliki kuasa dari pada Tuhan. Meskipun telah menjadi Kristen sudah usia puluhan tahun, namun masih berpegang pada kepercayaan lama mereka. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya sinkretisme dalam masyarakat Suku Dayak Punan Lisum. Melalui pengajaran, kotbah, konseling pastoral dan pemuridan serta kelompok doa memberikan kontribusi yang positif dalam perubahan kepercayaan iman dari kepercayaan lama kepada kepercayaan iman Kristen. Pembinaan iman di tengah-tengah masyarakat mampu mengurangi sinkretisme dalam kehidupan iman percaya Suku Dayak Punan Lisum.

Cambridge Psycholinguistic Inventory of Christian Beliefs: A registered report of construct validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability

While religious beliefs are typically studied using questionnaires, there are no standardized tools available for cognitive psychology and neuroscience studies of religious cognition. Here we present the first such tool—the Cambridge Psycholinguistic Inventory of Christian Beliefs (CPICB)—which consists of audio-recorded items of religious beliefs as well as items of three control conditions: moral beliefs, abstract scientific knowledge and empirical everyday life knowledge. The CPICB is designed in such a way that the ultimate meaning of each sentence is revealed only by its final critical word, which enables the precise measurement of reaction times and/or latencies of neurophysiological responses. Each statement comes in a pair of Agree/Disagree versions of critical words, which allows for experimental contrasting between belief and disbelief conditions. Psycholinguistic and psychoacoustic matching between Agree/Disagree versions of sentences, as well as across different categories of the CPICB items (Religious, Moral, Scientific, Everyday), enables rigorous control of low-level psycholinguistic and psychoacoustic features while testing higher-level beliefs. In the exploratory Study 1 (N = 20), we developed and tested a preliminary version of the CPICB that had 480 items. After selecting 400 items that yielded the most consistent responses, we carried out a confirmatory test–retest Study 2 (N = 40). Preregistered data analyses confirmed excellent construct validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the CPICB religious belief statements. We conclude that the CPICB is suitable for studying Christian beliefs in an experimental setting involving behavioural and neuroimaging paradigms, and provide Open Access to the inventory items, fostering further development of the experimental research of religiosity.

Apostoł Andrzej – osoba i imię

In Christian religious consciousness, especially in Eastern Christianity, Andrew the Apostle has a place equal to that of his brother, Peter the Apostle. This article presents the information gathered about him and provided by the Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. It also concisely describes the apocrypha about his missionary activities in Greece, Pontus, Thrace and Scythia, as well as the sources and reasons behind the development of his cult in Europe, including the Slavic nations. The origin of the given name Andrew is also included, along with the process of this name becoming common among the Slavs connected with the spread of the cult. The article stresses the importance of the transformation of the original image of this saint caused by the contamination of Christian beliefs and Slavic folk culture. The analysis of Polish calendar proverbs enabled to present the linguistic image of St. Andrew. Folk religious rites connected with his cult, which emerged as the result of intertwining of the Christian calendar and agricultural cycle, are also described. The saints to whom certain days in the Christian calendar were dedicated, started to be perceived as the guardians of these days, protecting people from the forces of nature, as well as the protectors of certain trades. The profiles of selected local Christian saints bearing the name Andrew are also presented.

Commercialization of Religion in Galway Kinnell's Poem The Avenue Bearing The Initial Of Cross Into The New World.

Since the Bible, the Christian religion has been deeply rooted in the commercialization of religion in society. The poem The Avenue Bearing the Initial of Cross into the New World is an attack on the Church and its followers for practising commercialization in society. Ironically, it also attacks Christian beliefs and practices. Kinnell presents shops, market places, restaurants, and bars to link with religious marketing. He portrays the characters as sellers and buyers, a product, and income. He even presented Christ as income to boost the Roman taxes. Marketing in religion affects both the spiritual and emotions of the followers. The religious sacred is regarded as a product that is exchanged by prices and goods. Kinnell rejected the Christian worshipping of idols. Thus, this paper presents the commercialization of religion in Galway Kinnell's poem The Avenue Bearing the initial of Cross into the New World

Psychotherapy and Christianity

Christianity is counted as one of the biggest religious groups in the world, numbering at over 2 billion individuals who identify themselves with this religion. As of the 2010 census, the Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal reported that an estimated 9.2% of the population in Malaysia identified themselves as Christians. In numerical terms, this equates to approximately 3 million individuals spread out all over the Malaysian peninsular as well as Sabah and Sarawak who consider themselves part of the Christian church. This chapter intends to do four things: 1) provide a brief history of the church and Christianity, 2) acquaint the reader with basic Christian beliefs, 3) provide insight into the methods and challenges of working with the population in Malaysia drawing from both local as well as international literature, and 4) provide the implications of the methods and challenges of working with the Christian population.

Tracing the absent. Hilma af Klint’s mystical language

The main aim of this paper is to study the mysticism of the Swedish artist Hilma af Klint (1862–1944) in relation to her religious experience and her searching for existential answers through contact with divine entities. Although the identity of these figures is not clear, we are aware of their familiarity with Christian beliefs. Thus, in this paper we attempt to approach Af Klint’s Christian, metaphysical and anthroposophical message by analysing her notebooks. Particularly, we focus on the symbolic aspect of one of them made between 1919 and 1920, entitled Flowers, Mosses, and Lichens.

Juglet Pendants from Pannonia

Most juglet pendants are of 4th century from Pannonia, the glass is frequently dark, appearing black. Although juglet pendants have a greater concentration in the eastern Mediterranean, they are also widely attested in the empire’s western half. The following paper1 presents nine specimens from Hungary, eight from Pannonia Province. Three exemplars were parts of grave inventories, whose other items are also known (Bogád, Csongrád and Ságvár). All three burials can be securely dated to the fourth century. Despite the attractiveness of M. Stern’s suggestion, there is no good reason to associate the Pannonian juglet pendants recovered from mortuary contexts with Christianity. The pieces from Pannonia would rather suggest that juglet pendants cannot be associated with Christian beliefs because the other grave goods in the burials from which they were recovered belie this association.