Migration and Religious Refugees

One of the biggest impacts on poverty in early modern Europe was migration. As various circumstances and conflicts generated a growing population of religious refugees in many cities, the magnitude of need overwhelmed local poor relief structures. This crisis prompted the development of poor relief outside of civic jurisdiction and prompted the development of separate ways to care for the foreign poor. For example, John a Lasco led a religiously autonomous foreigners’ church in London, where he emphasized commitment to poor relief among the exiles. This chapter examines the religious interpretations of the migration experience, its role in shaping religious identity, and the impact of migration on poor relief. By establishing poor relief systems for refugees, the foreigner churches, or stranger churches, relieved city governments of the additional financial burden of caring for refugees and simultaneously set up a form of church management to aid religious refugees.

Lederskapets kirkelighet. En integrert modell for verdibevisst kirkelig ledelse

The chapter argues that in order to develop an understanding of the specific nature of church management and leadership, there is a need for reconceptualizing the relationship of these terms. Through an elaboration of research on managerial work and institutional leadership work, and empirically grounded research on the mundane work of leaders, the chapter describes an integrated model of church management and leadership. The model bridges and integrates functional managerial leadership role models and institutional leadership. What distinguishes a church management and leadership model, compared to general models, lies partly in a relational instead of a competitive relation to community as context and partly in the values and faith it conveys. Thus, one important managerial leadership role is that of mediator between organization and community context; another is the role of institutional leadership relating to purpose, values and identity.

Ledelse – generelle og kirkelige perspektiver

The chapter introduces the field of management and leadership theory in general, outlining how the central terms and perspectives have evolved. At the same time, this chapter gives special emphasis to theories underlining management and leadership as work and practice, exploring and understanding the main divides of the field. The second part of the chapter summarizes and points to specific aspects in which church management and leadership overlap and differ from general management. The last section underlines the importance of how management is organizationally mandated, embedded in several institutionalized frames such as democracy, legal frameworks and the internal authority of oversight by the bishop. The chapter concludes by rounding out a wholistic understanding of the responsibility and aspects of management and leadership.

The Liturgical Service of the Hegumen According to the Canons of the Constantinople Council of 1276

Metropolitan of Kiev Cyril the Second and Russian bishops sent a bishop of Saray to Constantinople with questions concerning the most difficult problems of church management and features of liturgical service. The canons were translated into Russian probably in the 14 th century, and several new questions-and-answers were added during the translation. There are several canons about hegumens and the features of their liturgical service in the Russian text. They include questions about the tonsure of a dying man; the singing of the Trisagion with ripidia; the service of the Prothesis (Pros­komedia); the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross; and the final prayers at the Divine Liturgy. The research let to purpose that all of these articles were added by Russian authors, so they are the evidence of the liturgical service and monastic life in Russia in the 14 th century.

INCREASING ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM IN RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the implementation of internal control in religious institutions, especially church institutions. A difference in church governance certainly differentiates the church's internal control, so the issue of internal control is very important and interesting for further investigation. Methodology: This study used a sample of 100 churches. The researchers used questionnaires in data collection. The sampling method used is the purposive sampling method. To see whether there are differences in internal control between different church governance styles, the researchers used the chi-square analysis. Results: The findings of this study are as follows: all churches have realized the importance of accountability that must be held to gain the trust of their congregants. Hence, all churches sampled in this study already have an internal control system. This study found differences in the systems based on church governance. Therefore, it is known that governance differentiates churches’ internal control systems. Implications: The implication of this research is that a church must have an effective internal control system. This is necessary because the church must be accountable to all of its stakeholders, especially the church congregants. The implementation of the internal control system may differ according to the church management system. However, the elements of the internal control system must be the same even though the process of implementing the internal control system is different.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL CONDITIONALITY OF THE AUTOCEPHALOUS SYSTEM OF THE UNIVERSAL ORTHODOXY

The article deals with one of the fundamental problems of the whole corps of the church law – autocephalous principle of the existence of the church. This problem drives the researchers' attention to the very essence of the existence of orthodoxy in general. The preaching of Christ and the Gospel leave no direct pointers of the internal organization of the church. The apostles make only the subtle hints to the administrative arrangement of the church in general. Their mission preaching and spreading the faith to all nations, however, they did not envisage any other administrative system than autocephaly. Church dogmas and canons, which regulate all aspects of the life of the Church, were formed during the heyday of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire. However, the significant politicization and dependence of the church on imperial power led to the proclamation of a number of canons that contradicted the original nature of the church. This also applies to autocephaly. Under the pressure of the state authorities, the primacy of honor together with ancient Rome is shared by the capital's Constantinople chair. The theory of the "Five Patriarchates" is be- ing formed, which are called to rule the world Orthodoxy. During the Ecumenical Councils, autocephaly was transformed from a basic and natural state of the Church existence into a certain privilege and a subject of political bargaining in the international arena.Despite the long process of forming the canonical and legal corps of Orthodoxy, there is no clear regulation of the procedure for proclaiming a new autocephalous church today. This led to significant misunderstandings and the termination of Eucharistic communion by a number of Local Churches after granting autocephalous status to the Ukrainian Church. Theological disputes over the very procedure of signing the Tomos still take place today. Besides theoretical justification, the internal church structure also has a practical value for the process of bestowing autocephaly on the new national Local Churches. This is relevant due to the struggle of a number of modern countries for the church independence and the Ecumenical recognition. Starting since the Byzantine Empire times, the state power has constantly imposed its own church management principle and methods, which often was going against traditions and canonical norms. Orthodox ecclesiology offers its own approach to church-administrative management. It is proved that merely the autocephalous system is the only acceptable option of the existence of the Universal Orthodoxy.

What Are They Saying About Church Management? Patterns, Problems, and Considerations for Proceeding

In recent years, the Roman Catholic Church has seen an increase in pastoral education programs, literature, and other resources on church management. Though positive outcomes have been noted, there is much room for improvement in the way management ideas have been applied to the ecclesial context. This article examines patterns of engagement with management science in Catholic pastoral resources, and notes the key conflicts that have arisen. It then outlines considerations for a way forward in the inter-disciplinary engagement. These include the need for recognition of the limitations of management, critical reflexivity in the appropriation of management ideas, and dialogical discernment in the application of the faith tradition towards improving management theory and practice.

Synod as the Embodiment of the Church — the Evolution of Lutheran Understanding of Synodality

The concept of the synod plays a special role in the Evangelical ecclesiology. In the 20th century, the synod was radically defined as “the personification of the Church.” In the Evangelical tradition, however, there are equal Church management systems: episcopal, synodal-consistory, presbyterian (mainly in the Evangelical-Reformed denomination), and to a lesser extent congregational (especially observed in the so-called free Churches). Reformation theology understands the Church as a community of all saints, where the Gospel is preached purely and the sacraments are properly administered (Augsburg Confession — CA VII). The system of the Church does not belong to the so-called notae ecclesiae. An important theological doctrine of the Reformation is the teaching about the universal priesthood of all believers, which is the theological foundation of the idea of the synodal responsibility of the Church. In the 19th century synods concerned mainly clergy. In the 20th century, in the course of democratisation processes, most Evangelical Churches raised the importance of the synod in the overall management of the Church, and the Polish Lutheran Church introduced a provision into her law which stipulates that the synod is “the embodiment of the Church” and its supreme authority.

Exploring the Needs of Parties in Church Management in Building Knowledge Management System of Financial Reporting

This study explores the possible adoption of the Knowledge Management System (KMS) in church management which is an agent in the agency relationship between the management and congregation and donors. Since the agents mostly do not realize that they need to know that they are responsible for the presentation of Financial Reports, thus they do not realize that they need a Knowledge Management System for the Accounting and Financial Reporting; the need must be investigated. Moreover, in the case study church, the accounting process is very much not applied as the result of a lack of knowledge. This fact tells that churches need knowledge of the accounting process. All of those types of knowledge need to be managed in a system. The methodology used in this investigation was The Soft System Methodology (SSM). SSM emphasizes on understanding the problem situations faced by church management and expresses the situations in rich pictures. Data were gathered from interviews, focus group discussions and observations. A protestant church in Jakarta is the case study setting, focusing on pastors who give sermons, presbyters, administrators together with employees who manage all churches’ activities. The findings highlight problems faced by the various stakeholders and propose solutions in the form of a conceptual model for a Knowledge Management System platform to improve learning as well as utilizing digitized knowledge of Accounting and Financial Reporting.